“…In view of the above, academia has worked extensively on the development of tools to streamline the design process of formulated products. Some renowned examples include: a methodology for formulated products based on the reverse design approach, which generates thousands of product alternatives and then filters them against a target product (Conte et al, 2011); the virtual process-product design laboratory (VPPD-Lab), which is a computer-aided tool containing property models, databases, and knowledge bases to support the design of formulated products (Kontogeorgis et al, 2022); an integrated framework for the design of formulated products containing tools and design steps for all type of formulations (solid, liquid, gas) (Zhang et al, 2017); and the computational tool ProCAPD, which combines ten sub-models (molecular structure, property, process, costing, pricing, economic analysis, quality, sustainability, environmental impact, and performance) with a database for formulated product design (Kalakul et al, 2018) (Liu et al, 2019). Most of these approaches define design problems as mathematical optimization problems of the mixed-integer nonlinear programming type (MINLP).…”