Computed tomographic localization of the deepest portion of the femoral trochlear groove in healthy dogs

Nicetto, Tommaso; Longo, Federico; Contiero, Barbara; Isola, Maurizio; Petazzoni, Massimo

doi:10.1111/vsu.13426

Cited by 7 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Nicetto and colleagues measured the femoral trochlear depth in dogs without stifle disorders, and also found that the deepest point of the femoral trochlea was located in the proximal part of the femoral trochlea. 20 Considering that the articular congruence of the proximal aspect of the patellofemoral joint is thought to be crucial for patellar instability in both human and veterinary medicine, 21 22 measuring the femoral trochlear morphology on the standardized measuring location in the present study was appropriate for the evaluation of the femoral trochlear morphology in dogs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Computed Tomographic Measurements of the Sulcus Angle of the Femoral Trochlea in Small-Breed Dogs with and without Medial Patellar Luxation

Sasaki

Hidaka

Mochizuki

et al. 2022

Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol

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Trochleoplasty is often performed in dogs with medial patellar luxation (MPL); however, the current guidelines on when to perform a trochleoplasty in dogs are vague. The sulcus angle (SA) is used to assess the femoral trochlear morphology in humans. The aim of this study is to describe a method to measure the SA and other parameters of trochlea morphology in dogs using computed tomography. First, we searched for a suitable measuring location for the SA. Transverse images of the femurs were obtained as perpendicular planes to the tangent of the femoral trochlea which was 0 to 60 degrees (every 5 degrees) to the anatomical axis of the femur. The deepest point of the femoral trochlea was found in the transverse images perpendicular to the tangent of the femoral trochlea which was at 15 degrees to the anatomical axis of the femur. The SA and the other parameters of femoral trochlea morphology were measured at the deepest point of the femoral trochlea. The SA of the stifle joints with grade 3 and 4 MPL was significantly higher than the SA of stifle joints not affected by MPL. There was no significant difference in the SA between dogs affected by grade 1 and 2 MPL and dogs not affected by MPL. Further studies are needed to establish whether the SA can be used as selection criteria for trochleoplasty.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Computed Tomographic Measurements of the Sulcus Angle of the Femoral Trochlea in Small-Breed Dogs with and without Medial Patellar Luxation

Sasaki

Hidaka

Mochizuki

et al. 2022

Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol

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“…Recently, Petazzoni and colleagues proposed a method for trochlear groove depth measurement using CT in normal dogs. 12,13 In the present study, sequential analysis of the distal femur was conducted including both the trochlear groove and the femoral condyle using 3D-CT imaging in dogs with grade 2 and 4 MPL. As a result, the morphology of the distal femur can be assessed at various locations, regardless of the positioning.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, computed tomography (CT) has been increasingly used to evaluate bone abnormalities in dogs. [11][12][13] In 2016, Yasukawa and colleagues reported that Toy Poodles with grade 4 MPL had significant femoral varus deformity, medial displacement of the tibial tuberosity, internal rotation of the proximal tibia and hypoplasia of the patella as observed using three-dimensional (3D) CT. 14 However, the depth of the trochlear groove and the morphology of the femoral condyles were not evaluated objectively due to lack of appropriate landmarks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological Analysis of Bone Deformities of the Distal Femur in Toy Poodles with Medial Patellar Luxation

Yasukawa

Edamura

Tanegashima

et al. 2021

Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol

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Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the bone deformities of the distal femur of Toy Poodles with medial patellar luxation (MPL) using computed tomography. Methods Computed tomography data from 37 stifles of Toy Poodles (16 normal, 10 grade 2 MPL and 11 grade 4 MPL) were analysed. For trochlear morphology, sulcus angle, medial or lateral trochlear inclination and trochlear angle were compared. For condylar morphology, distance between the apex of the medial or lateral trochlear ridge and the most caudal point of the medial or lateral femoral condyle (MC or LC), the length of the cranial/middle (anterior) part (MC(a) or LC(a')) and caudal (posterior) part (MC(p) or LC(p')) of distal femur and medial or lateral condyle width (MCW or LCW) were measured, and the ratios of medial-to-lateral condyles and anterior–posterior parts were compared. Results Sulcus angle was significantly higher, and medial trochlear inclination was significantly lower in grade 4 MPL group than other groups. Lateral trochlear inclination was not significantly different among 3 groups. Trochlear angles at proximal trochlear groove were significantly lower in grade 4 MPL group than other groups. MC/LC, MC(a)/LC(a'), MC(a)/MC(p), and LC(a')/LC(p') were significantly lower in grade 4 MPL group than other groups; however, there were no significant differences in MC(p)/LC(p') and MCW/LCW among three groups. Conclusion Hypoplasia of the cranial and middle rather than caudal compartment of the distal femur was the primary morphological abnormality in Toy Poodles with grade 4 MPL.

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“…In available scientific literature, only 2 studies reported the trochlear depth and shape in healthy dogs but in medium-size and large breeds [15,17] although medial patellar luxation is commonly seen in small dog breeds. That is why our attention was focused on 4 small breeds: Mini-Pinscher, Pomeranian, Chihuahua and Yorkshire terrier.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Trochlear Dysplasia in Dogs with Medial Patellar Luxation - Comparative Studies

Garnoeva

2021

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: Medial patellar luxation (MPL) is one of the commonest orthopaedic diseases in small dog breeds. Although the bone deformities associated with canine medial patellar luxation are described in numerous studies, the pathogenesis of the condition is still disputable. What is more, there is no categorical evidence that luxation of the patella is associated to a shallow trochlear groove as no objective method for determination of trochlear depth and shape has been proposed. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the depth and shape of femoral trochlear groove on radiographs obtained from healthy dogs and dogs affected with grade II and grade III MPL.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 45 dogs (33 with MPL and 12 healthy) from 4 small breeds (Mini-Pinscher, Pomeranian, Chihuahua and Yorkshire terrier) were included in the study. After deep sedation, stifle radiographs were obtained in tangential projection (skyline view). The dogs were positioned in ventral recumbency, the examined stifle bent as much as possible, and the central beam focused on the patella between femoral condyles. Six morphometric parameters associated with the onset of trochlear dysplasia similar to those used in human medicine were measured: trochlear sulcus angle (SA), lateral and medial trochlear inclination angles (LTI; MTI), trochlear groove depth (TD), patellar thickness (PaT) and the ratio between trochlear depth and patellar thickness (PaT/TD). The non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used for evaluation of differences between healthy joints and those affected with grade II and III MPL. The association between measured variables was evaluated via the Spearman’s rank-order correlation. TD was greater in healthy joints as compared to those affected with MPL grade II and III (P < 0.001). In healthy stifles, PaT value exceeded significantly (P < 0.01) that in joints with grade III MPL. The TD/PaT ratio was significantly greater in healthy joints vs both those with grade II (P < 0.01) and grade III MPL (P < 0.001). In healthy joints, there was a significant negative relationship (rho –0.508; P = 0.0113) between SA and TD: smaller sulcus angles corresponded to deeper trochleas. This correlation was even stronger in joints with patellar luxation (rho –0.723; P < 0.0001). The LTI and MTI showed a very strong positive correlation in healthy joints (rho 0.854; P < 0.0001) and at the same time, lack of significant association in joints affected with MPL (rho 0.163; P = 0.327 for grade II MPL and rho 0.175; P= 0.448 for grade III MPL) was demonstrated. The altered trochlear shape and depth were more pronounced in joints with grade III MPL. As MPL grade increased, the SA became statistically significantly greater. In grade III MPL it was accompanied with considerably reduced trochlear depth, medial trochlear inclination angle and trochlear depth/patellar thickness ratio. Discussion: Five of the measured morphometric parameters for radiographic detection of trochlear dysplasia in dogs were found to be important in the evaluation of trochlear morphology in dogs. The obtained results indicated the presence of trochlear dysplasia in dogs with MPL. A 3-stage classification system for assessment of abnormal trochlear development in small dog breeds: mild; moderate and severe trochlear dysplasia, was proposed. The occurrence of shallow trochlear groove and medial femoral condyle’s hypoplasia could be accepted as signs of mild and moderate trochlear dysplasia. The pre-operative measurements of these parameters could improve surgical planning and decisions-making.Keywords: medial patellar luxation, trochlear dysplasia, trochlear depth, small dog breeds.

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Computed tomographic localization of the deepest portion of the femoral trochlear groove in healthy dogs

Cited by 7 publications

References 29 publications

Computed Tomographic Measurements of the Sulcus Angle of the Femoral Trochlea in Small-Breed Dogs with and without Medial Patellar Luxation

Computed Tomographic Measurements of the Sulcus Angle of the Femoral Trochlea in Small-Breed Dogs with and without Medial Patellar Luxation

Morphological Analysis of Bone Deformities of the Distal Femur in Toy Poodles with Medial Patellar Luxation

Evaluation of Trochlear Dysplasia in Dogs with Medial Patellar Luxation - Comparative Studies

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