Computationally efficient model for energy demand prediction of electric city bus in varying operating conditions

Vepsäläinen, Jari; Otto, Kevin; Lajunen, Antti

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2018.12.064

Cited by 64 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Pettersson and Johansson (2006) modeled the auxiliary loads in heavy vehicles for control purposes they found the aux load as between 8 and 10 kW for two different cycles. Vepsäläinen et al (2019) applied a model-based approach for city buses and they proposed 6 kW of the air compressor operation was used for doors operation. In addition to that usage, the hydraulic power for steering and braking systems consumed 1.5 kW continuously and they estimated average power of 1 kW for other auxiliaries.…”

Section: Auxiliariesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The increased load was derived due to the use of the A/C as the ambient temperature was ∼30 • C and such systems can pose an additional power demand of up to 30 kW (KB AutoTech, 2019). According to Vepsäläinen et al (2019) an average power demand at this temperature for the A/C would be about 11 kW. The use of other auxiliaries was considered at 4 kW as a best-case scenario.…”

Section: Auxiliariesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simulating City-Bus On-Road Operation With VECTO

et al. 2019

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Heavy-duty vehicles constitute a significant contributor to road CO 2 emissions, despite accounting for only a low share of the vehicle fleet. CO 2 Emissions certification and monitoring are performed using vehicle simulation software designed for the purpose (VECTO). The European Union currently regulates rigid truck and tractor-trailer CO 2 emissions and subsequently will proceed to buses and other heavy-duty vehicle categories. The current study investigated the use of VECTO on a city bus by modeling the on-road operating conditions of a vehicle in an urban route in Istanbul. The simulation results for constant auxiliary load showed a difference with the on-road measurements in the range of −1.6 to 3.2%, depending on the direction of the route. The difference was attributed to the influence of the total elevation change, and the use of auxiliaries. The latter comprise a significant part of energy consumption in buses, and for this reason, VECTO includes a dedicated bus auxiliary module. The use of the module was also explored, and it was found to improve the results in some cases. The findings highlight the need to assess the operation of auxiliary components in city buses accurately, and to consider the provision of more precise, auxiliary-component specific, information when running actual real-world CO 2 simulations of these vehicles.

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Section: Auxiliariesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Auxiliariesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulating City-Bus On-Road Operation With VECTO

et al. 2019

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“…Moreover, an important remark (conclusion) of the author was that the exploitation condition (operation schedule and route planning) of a hybrid or electric bus is a condition that must be considered before introduction in an urban transport system for efficient energy use. A recent study of Vepsalainen et al [25] studied the energy efficiency of an electric bus using a computationally efficient model for energy demand prediction. This study represented a novel approach to predict energy consumption variation with a wide range of uncertain factors (i.e., temperature, battery technical and functioning parameters, rolling resistance, and payload) and the simulation results gave values of 0.43-2.30 kWh/km (1.20 kWh/km average value with standard deviation of 0.32 kWh/km) net energy consumption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct and Indirect Environmental Aspects of an Electric Bus Fleet Under Service

et al. 2020

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The reduction of pollutant emissions in the field of transportation can be achieved by developing and implementing electric propulsion technologies across a wider range of transportation types. This solution is seen as the only one that can offer, in areas of urban agglomeration, a reduction of the emissions caused by the urban transport to zero, as well as an increase in the degree of the health of the citizens. This paper presents an analysis of the direct and indirect environmental aspects of a fleet of real electric buses under service in the city of Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The solution of using 41 electric buses to replace Euro-3 diesel buses (with high pollution levels) in the city’s transport system eliminates a local amount of 668.45 tons of CO2 and 6.41 tons of NOx—pollutant emissions directly associated with harmful effects on human health—annually.

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“…The uncertainty of parameters is assessed in the long-term planning of the fossil-free energy systems with high integration of wind power to identify the most critical parameters by the Morris method [30]. Sensitivity analysis of the energy demand of electric city bus is performed, and the results show that the ambient temperature, rolling resistance and payload uncertainty contribute most to the demand [31]. However, these works examine the parameters only from a specific stage of DESs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-stage Sensitivity Analysis of Distributed Energy Systems: A Variance-based Sobol Method

Wei

Gao

et al. 2020

Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy

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In the face of the pressing environmental issues, the past decade witnessed the booming development of the distributed energy systems (DESs). A notable problem of DESs is the inevitable uncertainty that may make DESs deviate significantly from the deterministically obtained expectations, in both aspects of optimal design and economic operation. It thus necessitates the sensitivity analysis to quantify the impacts of the massive parametric uncertainties. This paper aims to give a comprehensive quantification, and carries out a multi-stage sensitivity analysis on DESs from the perspectives of evaluation criteria, optimal design and economic operation. First, a mathematical model of a DES is developed to present the solutions to the three stages of the DES. Second, the Monte-Carlo simulation is carried out subject to the probabilistic distributions of the energy, technical and economic parameters. Based on the simulation results, the variance-based Sobol method is applied to calculate the individual importance, interactional importance and total importance of various parameters. The comparison of the multi-stage results shows that only a few parameters play critical roles while the uncertainty of most of the massive parameters has little impact on the system performance. In addition, the influence of parameter interactions in the optimal design stage are much stronger than that in the evaluation criteria and operation strategy stages.

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Computationally efficient model for energy demand prediction of electric city bus in varying operating conditions

Cited by 64 publications

References 42 publications

Simulating City-Bus On-Road Operation With VECTO

Simulating City-Bus On-Road Operation With VECTO

Direct and Indirect Environmental Aspects of an Electric Bus Fleet Under Service

Multi-stage Sensitivity Analysis of Distributed Energy Systems: A Variance-based Sobol Method

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