Simulating City-Bus On-Road Operation With VECTO

Zacharof, Nikiforos; Özener, Orkun; Özkan, Muammer; Kilicaslan, Abdullah; Fontaras, Georgios

doi:10.3389/fmech.2019.00058

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Some of the parameters belonging to the Engine and Gearbox categories were calculated based on a series of component models [13]. The authors applied this methodology mainly to lorries, but another study also applied it to buses, where the divergence in measurement data was between −1.6 and 3.2% [14]. The component models make use of limited data to produce the required VECTO input, which in this case was the engine fuel map, fuel load curve, and gearbox efficiency maps.…”

Section: Vehicle and Conventional Powertrain Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing CO2 Emissions of Hybrid Heavy-Duty Trucks and Buses: Paving the Transition to Low-Carbon Transport

Zacharof,

Bitsanis,

Broekaert

et al. 2024

Energies

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This study investigates the CO2 reduction potential of powertrain hybridisation on heavy-duty lorries and city buses. The analysis considers modern parallel and serial hybrid architectures, assessing their efficiency and limits in CO2 emission reduction through vehicle simulation in VECTO, which is the official tool of the European Commission for calculating heavy-duty vehicle fuel and energy consumption. The results reveal distinct trends for each vehicle type and architecture. In lorries, more significant improvements are observed in urban delivery profiles, reaching up to ~16%, indicating the benefits of hybridisation in transient conditions with energy recuperation opportunities. City buses, particularly those with serial architectures, exhibit significant emission reductions that reach 36%, making them suitable for urban environments. The optimisation of electric motor size and performance plays a crucial role in achieving emission reductions, while battery capacity must be carefully considered to avoid adverse effects. For lorries in urban delivery use, further improvements of 17.5% can be achieved by utilising a 160 kW engine motor and 30 kWh battery. Buses are already quite well optimised, with serial architecture presenting the highest benefits with a 120 kW electric motor and a battery of 11 kWh. Future research should focus on supercapacitors and gearboxes to improve efficiency at higher vehicle speeds and assess hybridisation potential in interurban coach travel. The heavy-duty vehicle sector can make significant strides towards low-carbon transport by maximising hybrid powertrain efficiency and emission reductions.

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Section: Vehicle and Conventional Powertrain Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing CO2 Emissions of Hybrid Heavy-Duty Trucks and Buses: Paving the Transition to Low-Carbon Transport

Zacharof,

Bitsanis,

Broekaert

et al. 2024

Energies

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“…The electrified nature of the FCEV powertrain also promotes electrically operated auxiliary loads, including cooling pumps and fans, HVAC compressor and blower, power steering, pneumatic systems and motorized power take-off (PTO) along with lighting and comfort systems [130][131][132]. Even after accounting for the higher electrical conversion losses compared to the mechanically driven loads, these actuators benefit from prime mover free operation.…”

Section: Auxiliary Loadsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Fuel Cell Powertrains for Long-Haul Heavy-Duty Vehicles: Technology, Hydrogen, Energy and Thermal Management Solutions

et al. 2022

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Long-haul heavy-duty vehicles, including trucks and coaches, contribute to a substantial portion of the modern-day European carbon footprint and pose a major challenge in emissions reduction due to their energy-intensive usage. Depending on the hydrogen fuel source, the use of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) for long-haul applications has shown significant potential in reducing road freight CO2 emissions until the possible maturity of future long-distance battery-electric mobility. Fuel cell heavy-duty (HD) propulsion presents some specific characteristics, advantages and operating constraints, along with the notable possibility of gains in powertrain efficiency and usability through improved system design and intelligent onboard energy and thermal management. This paper provides an overview of the FCEV powertrain topology suited for long-haul HD applications, their operating limitations, cooling requirements, waste heat recovery techniques, state-of-the-art in powertrain control, energy and thermal management strategies and over-the-air route data based predictive powertrain management including V2X connectivity. A case study simulation analysis of an HD 40-tonne FCEV truck is also presented, focusing on the comparison of powertrain losses and energy expenditures in different subsystems while running on VECTO Regional delivery and Longhaul cycles. The importance of hydrogen fuel production pathways, onboard storage approaches, refuelling and safety standards, and fleet management is also discussed. Through a comprehensive review of the H2 fuel cell powertrain technology, intelligent energy management, thermal management requirements and strategies, and challenges in hydrogen production, storage and refuelling, this article aims at helping stakeholders in the promotion and integration of H2 FCEV technology towards road freight decarbonisation.

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“…Therefore, the GB / T 27840-2011 "Fuel consumption test method for heavy-duty commercial vehicles" requires that the chassis dynamometer method be used to measure the fuel consumption for basic vehicles, and the simulation calculation method can be used for variant vehicles [4] . Software simulation calculation method is also widely used in developed countries , such as the GEM (Greenhouse Gas Emission Model) in the United States and the VECTO (Vehicle Energy Consumption Calculation Tool) in the European Union [5][6][7][8][9] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fuel consumption comparison of heavy-duty commercial vehicles under CHTC and C-WTVC cycles based on VECTO

Wang

Jing

et al. 2022

E3S Web Conf.

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In this paper, the simulation method of calculating the fuel consumption of heavy-duty commercial vehicles based on VECTO (Vehicle Energy Consumption Calculation Tool) was introduced, and the fuel consumption of four vehicles under C-WTVC and CHTC cycles was calculated with VECTO. The differences between C-WTVC and CHTC cycles were analyzed by comparing the characteristic parameters, and the fuel consumption map and driving acceleration of two cycles were compared, so as to explore the influence of different test cycles on fuel consumption. The results show that compared with the C-WTVC cycle, the fuel consumption of CHTC cycle increases by 17.08g/km~28.12g/km, with an increase of 6.42%~17.26%. Most of the engine working points in the CHTC cycle work in the middle and low speed and torque regions and the acceleration range of CHTC cycle is wider are important reasons for the increase of fuel consumption.

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Simulating City-Bus On-Road Operation With VECTO

Cited by 9 publications

References 14 publications

Reducing CO2 Emissions of Hybrid Heavy-Duty Trucks and Buses: Paving the Transition to Low-Carbon Transport

Reducing CO2 Emissions of Hybrid Heavy-Duty Trucks and Buses: Paving the Transition to Low-Carbon Transport

A Review of Fuel Cell Powertrains for Long-Haul Heavy-Duty Vehicles: Technology, Hydrogen, Energy and Thermal Management Solutions

Fuel consumption comparison of heavy-duty commercial vehicles under CHTC and C-WTVC cycles based on VECTO

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