Charge
transfer on graphite, a typical substrate and one of the
fusion first wall materials, is of great importance in the plasma–wall
interaction, thin-film growth, and surface catalysis. We present an
experimental study of 8.5–22.5 keV energy carbon, oxygen, and
fluorine negative ions scattering from a highly oriented pyrolytic
graphite (HOPG) surface at a scattering angle of 8°. It is found
that the positive ion fraction decreases monotonically with the increase
of both incident velocity and angle. In particular, these dependences
are very different from those presented in previous studies. A molecular
dynamics simulation reveals that, around the critical condition for
planar surface channeling, a number of projectiles may penetrate into
the subsurface and become energetic atoms when they emerge from the
surface. Hence, an exponential scaling related to the penetration
probability has been proposed to well describe the velocity and angle
dependences of positive ion fractions.