“…Among these, 3D in vitro fluidic macroscale (i.e., spinner flasks, rotating wall vessels), milliscale (customized perfusion bioreactors), and microscale systems (i.e., microfluidic devices) appear very promising to overcome the limitations of 2D cultures. These devices allow a fine tuning of dynamic interstitial perfusion ( Wittkowske et al, 2016 ; Yuste et al, 2021 ), a full understanding of cell-cell and cells-ECM interactions and, overall, a better comprehension of in vivo biological mechanisms ( Kim et al, 2007 ; Esch et al, 2015 ; Arrigoni et al, 2017 ; Carvalho et al, 2018 ; Wang et al, 2018 ; Nokhbatolfoghahaei et al, 2020a ). So far, good outcomes have been achieved in reproducing structural, functional, and mechanical properties of tissues using perfused platforms, including lung alveoli and bronchioles ( Huh et al, 2010 ; Ott et al, 2010 ; Price et al, 2010 ; Stucki et al, 2015 ), renal tubules and glomeruli ( Humes et al, 1999 ; Humes et al, 2004 ; Jang and Suh, 2010 ; Wilmer et al, 2016 ), small intestine ( Kimura et al, 2008 ; Imura et al, 2009 ; Pusch et al, 2011 ; Schweinlin et al, 2016 ), liver ( Kane et al, 2006 ; Tsang et al, 2007 ; Yamada et al, 2007 ; Domansky et al, 2010 ; Elbakary and Badhan, 2020 ) and the blood-brain barrier ( Booth and Kim, 2012 ; Griep et al, 2013 ).…”