Computational Aerodynamics of an AK-47 Rifle 's 7.82 mm Bullet in Proximity to a Near Wall

Gholap, Tanmay B.; Salokhe, Ruturaj V.; Ghadage, Ganesh V.; Mane, Shankar V.; Bajaj, Dinesh Kumar; Sahoo, Devabrata

doi:10.1109/punecon52575.2021.9686472

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 17 publications

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“…In several cases it has been stated that ML has been overused, when in reality a simple linear regression would be a solution [34][35][36]. This can be time and cost-effective, as well as more accurate and interpretable [37]. For this reason, we compared the ML results with those of linear regression algorithms, which included the following: Linear Regression: To understand how each of the models work, the reader can find further details on SciKit-Learn's developer website (https://scikit-learn.org/stable/supervised_learning.…”

Section: Processing and Training Pipelinementioning

confidence: 99%

NO2 Concentration Estimation at Urban Ground Level by Integrating Sentinel 5P Data and ERA5 Using Machine Learning: The Milan (Italy) Case Study

Cedeno Jimenez,

Brovelli

2023

Remote Sensing

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The measurement of atmospheric NO2 pollution concentrations has become a critical topic due to its impact on human health. Ground sensors are the most popular method for measuring atmospheric pollution, but they can be expensive to purchase, install, and maintain. In contrast, satellite technology offers global coverage but typically provides concentration estimates at the tropospheric level, not at the ground level where most human activities take place. This work presents a model that can be used to estimate NO2 ground-level concentrations in metropolitan areas using Sentinel-5P satellite images and ERA5 meteorological data. The primary goal is to offer a cost-effective solution for Low- and Medium-Income Countries (LMICs) to assess air quality, thereby addressing the air quality measurement constraints. To validate the model’s accuracy, study points were selected in alignment with the Regional Agency for the Environment Protection (ARPA) NO2 sensor network in the Metropolitan City of Milan. The results showed that the RMSE of the model estimations was significantly lower than the standard deviation of the real measurements. This work fills the gaps in the literature by providing an accurate estimation model of NO2 in the Metropolitan City of Milan using both satellite data and ERA5 meteorological data. This work presents as an alternative to ground sensors by enabling more regions to assess their air quality effectively.

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Section: Processing and Training Pipelinementioning

confidence: 99%

NO2 Concentration Estimation at Urban Ground Level by Integrating Sentinel 5P Data and ERA5 Using Machine Learning: The Milan (Italy) Case Study

Cedeno Jimenez,

Brovelli

2023

Remote Sensing

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Aerodynamic analysis of an AK-47 bullet moving at mach 2.0 in close proximity to the ground

Gholap¹,

Salokhe²,

Ghadage³

et al. 2022

FME Transactions

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The bullet is shot near the wall or the ground during urban warfare. This nearness leads to a pressure distribution on the bullet's entire body, which is asymmetric. For every case of difference in the height of the ground/wall proximity, the shock reflection angle changes, and a particular shock wave's effect on the bullet varies. In the present study, the flowfield around a 7.82-mm bullet of an AK-47 Rifle moving at a supersonic speed of Mach 2 near the ground is studied using Computational Fluid Dynamics. Computational simulations have been carried out for the bullet moving at different heights from the nearby wall. The level of impact on the projectile is illustrated from the region of nearest influence to a ground distance which is five times the bullet's diameter. Ground effects from height to diameter ratios (h/D) of 0.25 to 5 are showcased, describing the influence on overall flowfield, pressure coefficient distributions, lift drag, and moment coefficients. The wake region flow field is also analyzed. It has been observed that a detached bow shock wave is generated at the tip of the bullet, which increases the drag coefficient experienced by the bullet. Generation of lift is the maximum for certain h/D cases like 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 as the shock reflections from the ground hit the bullet. Further increasing the altitude from the near-wall reduces the lift and drag forces acting on the bullet due to the lesser ground effect. From the present investigation, the heights above the h/D ratio of 2.0 are suitable for firing the shot.

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Comparative computational analysis of NATO 5.56 mm, APM2 7.62 mm and AK-47 7.82 mm bullet moving at Mach 2.0 in close vicinity to the wall

Salunke¹,

Shinde²,

Gholap³

et al. 2023

FME Transactions

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Comparative Computational Analysis of NATO 5.56 mm, APM2 7.62 mm and AK-47 7.82 mm Bullet Moving at Mach 2.0 in Close Vicinity to the Wall Various rifles require unique bullets. Each bullet has its capability, speed, and impact on the target. In metropolitan warfare, several bullets are shot close to the solid walls. These near walls affect the pressure distribution over the entire asymmetric bullet. The influence of a reflected shock depends on the angle at which it was reflected and the altitude from the ground to the body of the bullet. The current research emphasizes three bullets of varying diameters used in different types of guns. The first bullet is of NATO 5.56 mm, the second is APM2's 7.62 mm bullet, and the third is a 7.82 mm bullet from an AK-47 rifle. For 2-D steady computations, the supersonic speed of Mach 2 is considered to analyze the flowfield across all three bullets. The heights of the bullet are taken considering the height-to-diameter ratios (h/D ratio) from 0.5 to 3.0. The Mach contour drawn from the numerical simulations is used to analyze the flowfield, and aerodynamic coefficients like lift, drag, and moment are also plotted to analyze the ground effects on the projectile. The comparative analysis showed that the trend of shock wave reflections was similar in the bullets till h/D of 1.5. The APM2 bullet experienced maximum drag, followed by AK-47's 7.82 mm and NATO's 5.56 mm bullet. The 7.82 mm bullet experienced maximum lifting force at h/D = 1.0 due to its larger surface area than the other two ammo. The 7.82 mm bullet experienced a nose-up moment, whereas the other two faced a nose-down moment. As the altitude of the bullets from the ground increased, the ground effect appearing on the bullets reduced. The present comparative analysis research shows that it is suitable to fire an AK-47 bullet from h/D greater than 2.0 and the other two bullets from an altitude greater than or equal to h/D of 3.0.

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Computational Aerodynamics of an AK-47 Rifle 's 7.82 mm Bullet in Proximity to a Near Wall

Cited by 3 publications

References 17 publications

NO2 Concentration Estimation at Urban Ground Level by Integrating Sentinel 5P Data and ERA5 Using Machine Learning: The Milan (Italy) Case Study

NO2 Concentration Estimation at Urban Ground Level by Integrating Sentinel 5P Data and ERA5 Using Machine Learning: The Milan (Italy) Case Study

Aerodynamic analysis of an AK-47 bullet moving at mach 2.0 in close proximity to the ground

Comparative computational analysis of NATO 5.56 mm, APM2 7.62 mm and AK-47 7.82 mm bullet moving at Mach 2.0 in close vicinity to the wall

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