Compression ignition and pollutant emissions of large alkylbenzenes

Koivisto, Elina; Ladommatos, Nicos; Gold, Martin

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2016.01.025

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In Figure 6(a), it can be seen that increasing the percentage of toluene present in the toluene-n-heptane binary mixtures from 0% to 30% results in a near-linear increase in ignition delay for both timings, and while at toluene levels greater than 35% toluene there continues to be a linear increase in ignition delay, the gradient of this relationship increases significantly. 60 The ignition retarding effect of toluene addition has also been observed in both homogeneous charge compression ignition engines 61 and Cooperative Fuels Research engines, 62 and in the study of alkylbenzenes by Koivisto et al, 63 where binary toluene-n-alkane mixtures were found to have longer durations of ignition delay than the alkylbenzene of corresponding alkyl chain length. Figure 6(b) shows that increasing the percentage of 1-octene present in 1-octene-n-octane mixtures also results in a linear increase in the duration of ignition delay; however, in contrast with the toluene-n-heptane mixtures, the gradient of this relationship remains almost constant over the whole range of 1-octene additions.…”

Section: Degree Of Unsaturation and Positions Of Double Bonds In An Amentioning

confidence: 76%

An overview of the effects of fuel molecular structure on the combustion and emissions characteristics of compression ignition engines

Hellier

Talibi

Eveleigh

et al. 2017

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D:

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Future fuels for compression ignition engines will be required both to reduce the anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions from fossil sources and to contribute to the reductions in the exhaust levels of pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. Via various processes of biological, chemical and physical conversion, feedstocks such as lignocellulosic biomass and photosynthetic micro-organisms will yield a wide variety of potential fuel molecules. Furthermore, modification of the production processes may allow the targeted manufacture of fuels of specific molecular structure. This paper therefore presents an overview of the effects of fuel molecular structure on the combustion and emissions characteristics of compression ignition engines, highlighting in particular the submolecular features common to a variety of potential fuels. An increase in the straight-chain length of the alkyl moiety reduces the duration of ignition delay, and the introduction of double bonds or branching to an alkyl moiety both increase ignition delay. The movement of a double bond towards the centre of an alkyl chain, or the addition of oxygen to a molecule, can both increase and decrease the duration of ignition delay dependent on the overall fuel structure. Nitrogen oxide emissions are primarily influenced by the duration of fuel ignition delay, but in the case of hydrogen and methane pilot-ignited premixed combustion arise only at flame temperatures sufficiently high for thermal production. An increase in aromatic ring number and physical properties such as the fuel boiling point increase particulate matter emissions at constant combustion phasing.

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Section: Degree Of Unsaturation and Positions Of Double Bonds In An Amentioning

confidence: 76%

An overview of the effects of fuel molecular structure on the combustion and emissions characteristics of compression ignition engines

Hellier

Talibi

Eveleigh

et al. 2017

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D:

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“…An ultralow volume fuel system, originally conceived by Schönborn et al [52] and later redesigned by Hellier et al [23], which allowed comprehensive engine testing with fuel samples as small as 100 ml was used. This system uses the engine common rail system as a hydraulic fluid supply to pressurize the sample fuel to the desired injection pressure via two free pistons that separate it from the standard common rail diesel fuel [22,34]. A bypass operated by high pressure needle valves allowed fossil reference diesel from the engine pump circuit to flow at pressure and flush the test fuel circuit and combustion chamber between every test run [22].…”

Section: Combustion Experiments 261 Enginementioning

confidence: 99%

Transesterification of high-acidity spent coffee ground oil and subsequent combustion and emissions characteristics in a compression-ignition engine

Efthymiopoulos

Hellier

Ladommatos

et al. 2019

Fuel

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“…4 Other combustion studies have focused on pure aromatic compounds and these compound mixtures with linear alkanes. 5−12 A few studies have focused on long chain alkylbenzenes, 9,10,13,14 and other studies have examined branched aromatic compounds and found differing reactivity for different isomers. 7,8,12 Physical processes that proceed the chemical reactions, such as injection and spray formation, also effect combustion in engines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, n -dodecane pyrolysis studies have shown the formation of 50 molecules (see Supporting Information in Zhao et al) with both smaller hydrocarbon molecules (1–11 carbons long) and larger polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons being formed . Other combustion studies have focused on pure aromatic compounds and these compound mixtures with linear alkanes. − A few studies have focused on long chain alkylbenzenes, ,,, and other studies have examined branched aromatic compounds and found differing reactivity for different isomers. ,, …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermophysical Properties of Two-Component Mixtures of n-Nonylbenzene or 1,3,5-Triisopropylbenzene with n-Hexadecane or n-Dodecane at 0.1 MPa: Experimentally Measured Densities, Viscosities, and Speeds of Sound and Molecular Packing Modeled Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Prak

Harrison

2021

J. Chem. Eng. Data

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This work presents experimentally measured densities, viscosities, and speeds of sound and calculated bulk moduli of binary mixtures of a C 15 H 25 aromatic compound (nnonylbenzene or 1,3,5-triisoproylbenzene) with either n-dodecane or n-hexadecane. Most properties increased monotonically as the amount of the compound with the higher property value increased. In contrast, minima in the speeds of sound for the 1,3,5triisopropylbenzene mixtures were found at x 1 = 0.1 or 0.2 in ndodecane mixtures and x 1 = 0.8 or 0.9 for n-hexadecane systems at 293.15 K. Also, the 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene and n-hexadecane mixtures had viscosities below those of the individual compounds at 293.15 K. Excess molar volumes were all positive or close to zero; excess speeds of sound were all positive, while excess isentropic compressibilities and viscosity deviations were negative. Excess molar Gibbs energies of activation for viscous flow did not differ statistically from zero. Molecular dynamics simulations qualitatively reproduced the trends in excess molar volumes with 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene mixtures having more positive excess molar volumes compared to the n-nonylbenzene mixtures. Examination of fluid structure using radial distribution functions and angular radial distribution functions showed that the relative positions and orientations of the aromatic rings in pure 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene and n-nonylbenzene were very different. In addition, the arrangement of the n-nonylbenzene aromatic rings did not change as linear alkanes were added. In contrast, the addition of linear alkanes to 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene altered the packing of the aromatic rings. This disruption of the preferential arrangement of 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene aromatic rings in mixtures with linear alkanes is likely the reason these systems have larger excess molar volumes than the n-nonylbenzene mixtures.

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Compression ignition and pollutant emissions of large alkylbenzenes

Cited by 10 publications

References 30 publications

An overview of the effects of fuel molecular structure on the combustion and emissions characteristics of compression ignition engines

An overview of the effects of fuel molecular structure on the combustion and emissions characteristics of compression ignition engines

Transesterification of high-acidity spent coffee ground oil and subsequent combustion and emissions characteristics in a compression-ignition engine

Thermophysical Properties of Two-Component Mixtures of n-Nonylbenzene or 1,3,5-Triisopropylbenzene with n-Hexadecane or n-Dodecane at 0.1 MPa: Experimentally Measured Densities, Viscosities, and Speeds of Sound and Molecular Packing Modeled Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations

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