Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Advances in Technology and Applications: Biennial Update

In this review, we consider and discuss the affinity and complementarity between a generic sample preparation technique and the comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography process. From the initial technical development focus (e.g., on the GC×GC and solid‐phase microextraction techniques), the trend is inevitably shifting toward more applied challenges, and therefore, the preparation of the sample should be carefully considered in any GC×GC separation for an overreaching research. We highlight recent biomedical, food, and plant applications (2016–July 2020), and specifically those in which the combination of tailored sample preparation methods and GC×GC–MS has proven to be beneficial in the challenging aspects of non‐targeted analysis. Specifically on the sample preparation, we report on gas‐phase, solid‐phase, and liquid‐phase extractions, and derivatization procedures that have been used to extract and prepare volatile and semi‐volatile metabolites for the successive GC×GC analysis. Moreover, we also present a milestone section reporting the early works that pioneered the combination of sample preparation techniques with GC×GC for non‐targeted analysis.

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“…Blood, urine, and exhaled breath have been thoroughly studied matrices to identify potential biomarkers of metabolism perturbations [29,30].…”

Section: Non‐targeted Analysis Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of sample preparation in multidimensional gas chromatographic separations for non‐targeted analysis with the focus on recent biomedical, food, and plant applications

Franchina

Zanella

Dubois

et al. 2020

J of Separation Science

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“…In particular, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) has become popular in the field of separation science. Due to its versatility, it includes applications related to forensic, life-/medical, environmental and/or petro-sciences [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] . Consequently, the number of reports and applications utilizing GC × GC has increased as illustrated in Figure S1 in the supporting information (SI).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A unique data analysis framework and open source benchmark data set for the analysis of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography software

Weggler

Dubois

Gawlitta

et al. 2021

Journal of Chromatography A

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Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) is amongst the most powerful separation technologies currently existing. Since its advent in early 1990, it has become an established method which is readily available. However, one of its most challenging aspects, especially in hyphenation with mass spectrometry is the high amount of chemical information it provides for each measurement. The GC × GC community agrees that there, the highest demand for action is found. In response, the number of software packages allowing for in-depth data processing of GC × GC data has risen over the last couple of years. These packages provide sophisticated tools and algorithms allowing for more streamlined data evaluation. However, these tools/algorithms and their respective specific functionalities differ drastically within the available software packages and might result in various levels of findings if not appropriately implemented by the end users. This study focuses on two main objectives. First, to propose a data analysis framework and second to propose an open-source dataset for benchmarking software options and their specificities. Thus, allowing for an unanimous and comprehensive evaluation of GC × GC software. Thereby, the benchmark data includes a set of standard compound measurements and a set of chocolate aroma profiles. On this foundation, eight readily available GC × GC software packages were anonymously investigated for fundamental and advanced functionalities such as retention and detection device derived parameters, revealing differences in the determination of e.g. retention times and mass spectra.

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“…With properly selected orthogonal separation mechanisms, GC×GC allows for the separation of a large number of compounds in a single chromatographic run due to the added selectivity of the second column and inherently high peak capacity [ 8 ]. GC×GC has been a powerful technique for analyzing volatile components in highly complex samples [ 9 , 10 ], such as petroleum [ 11 ], environmental samples [ 12 ], essential oils [ 13 ], and wines [ 14 ]. Through acquisition of a large amount of data from samples based on GC×GC, significantly different compounds from different regions or varieties were recognized by means of multivariate analysis [ 15 , 16 , 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three Extraction Methods in Combination with GC×GC-TOFMS for the Detailed Investigation of Volatiles in Chinese Herbaceous Aroma-Type Baijiu

et al. 2020

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In this study, the detailed volatile compositions of Chinese herbaceous aroma-type Baijiu (HAB) were characterized by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS). A total of 606 compounds were tentatively identified by similarity, mass spectral data, and retention indices, among which 247 compounds were positively verified by authentic standards. Esters were present in higher numbers (179), followed by aldehydes and ketones (111), and alcohols (81). In addition, there were also many terpenes (82), sulfides (37), furans (29), nitrogenous compounds (29), lactones (17), and so on. Meanwhile, the extraction effects of volatile components from different sample pretreatment methods (headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), solid phase extraction (SPE), and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE)) for HAB were also revealed. The results indicated that HS-SPME has a better extraction effect on easily volatile compounds, such as alcohols and sulfides, especially for terpenes. SPE was particularly beneficial for the analysis of nitrogen-containing compounds; SBSE showed medium extraction ability for most types of compounds and was more suitable for the target analysis of trace content substances.

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Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Advances in Technology and Applications: Biennial Update

Cited by 73 publications

References 245 publications

The role of sample preparation in multidimensional gas chromatographic separations for non‐targeted analysis with the focus on recent biomedical, food, and plant applications

The role of sample preparation in multidimensional gas chromatographic separations for non‐targeted analysis with the focus on recent biomedical, food, and plant applications

A unique data analysis framework and open source benchmark data set for the analysis of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography software

Three Extraction Methods in Combination with GC×GC-TOFMS for the Detailed Investigation of Volatiles in Chinese Herbaceous Aroma-Type Baijiu

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