The
present research reports on the development of a methodology
to unravel the complex phytochemistry of cannabis. Specifically, cannabis
inflorescences were considered and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE)
was used for the preconcentration of the metabolites. Analytes were
thermally desorbed into a comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) gas chromatography
(GC × GC) system coupled with low- and high-resolution mass spectrometry
(MS). Particular attention was devoted to the optimization of the
extraction conditions, to extend the analytes’ coverage, and
the chromatographic separation, to obtain a robust data set for further
untargeted analysis. Monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, hydrocarbons, cannabinoids,
other terpenoids, and fatty acids were considered to optimize the
extraction conditions. The response of selected ions for each chemical
class, delimited in specific 2D chromatographic regions, enabled an
accurate and fast evaluation of the extraction variables (i.e., time,
temperature, solvent, salt addition), which were then selected to
have a wide analyte selection and good reproducibility. Under optimized
SBSE conditions, eight different cannabis inflorescences and a quality
control sample were analyzed and processed following an untargeted
and unsupervised approach. Principal component analysis on all detected
metabolites revealed chemical differences among the sample types which
could be associated with the plant subspecies. With the same SBSE–GC
× GC–MS methodology, a quantitative targeted analysis
was performed on three common cannabinoids, namely, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol,
cannabidiol, and cannabinol. The method was validated, giving correlation
factors over 0.98 and <20% reproducibility (relative standard deviation).
The high-resolution MS acquisition allowed for high-confidence identification
and post-targeted analysis, confirming the presence of two pesticides,
a plasticizer, and a cannabidiol degradation product in some of the
samples.