Comprehensive study and multipurpose role of the CLV3/ESR‐related (CLE) genes family in plant growth and development

Abstract

The CLAVATA3/endosperm surrounding region‐related (CLE) is one of the most important signaling peptides families in plants. These peptides signaling are common in the cell to cell communication and control various physiological and developmental processes, that is cell differentiation and proliferation, self‐incompatibility, and the defense response. The CLE signaling systems are conserved across the plant kingdom but have a diverse mode of action in various developmental processes in different species. In this review, we concise various methods of peptides identification, structure, and molecular identity of the CLE family, the developmental role of CLE genes/peptides in plants, environmental stimuli, and CLE family and some other novel progress in CLE genes/peptides in various crops, and so forth. According to previous literature, about 1,628 CLE genes were identified in land plants, which deeply explained the tale of plant development. Nevertheless, some important queries need to be addressed to get clear insights into the CLE gene family in other organisms and their role in various physiological and developmental processes. Furthermore, we summarized the power of the CLE family around the environment as well as bifunctional activity and the crystal structure recognition mechanism of CLE peptides by their receptors and CLE clusters functions. We strongly believed that the discovery of the CLE family in other organisms would provide a significant breakthrough for future revolutionary and functional studies.

Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) Gene Family in Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica L.)

“…Although the overall sequence conservation of SiCLE peptides is limited, they have a molecular weight of less than 15 kDa, and most of the polypeptides are highly basic and possess signal peptides at the N-terminal. This molecular characteristic is highly similar to CLE polypeptides found in other species [48,72]. Although these SiCLE genes exhibit diverse structural features, they all possess a conserved CLE domain located at the C-terminal, which is crucial for the functional specificity of the CLE family [73].…”

“…The whole genome was comprehensively analyzed using HMM search and multiple rounds of BLASTP to identify genes with a significance threshold of E < 10 −5 . Candidate genes with a sequence length exceeding 300 amino acids were excluded based on CLE gene characteristics [48]. Furthermore, candidate peptide sequences that contained the conserved CLE motif at the C-terminus were retained after motif prediction using MEME [42].…”

“…Based on the average hydrophobicity index (grand average of hydropathicity, GRAVY) principle, which classifies proteins as biphasic with indices ranging from −0.5 to 0.5, hydrophobic with positive values, and hydrophilic with negative values, all SiCLE proteins were categorized as biphasic proteins. Despite variations in the number of CLE genes among different species, the physicochemical properties of the peptides have not significantly changed [48].…”

Receptor Kinases: A Sophisticate Protein Network to Maintain Plant life Continuity. An Update

“…CLV3 is the member of endosperm surrounding region (CLE) gene family, which codes for small amino acid peptides having a conserved C-terminal sequence and CLE motif containing specific receptors for signaling. Molecular analysis reveals that overexpression of CLE peptides leads to retardation of root growth and premature root meristem differentiation that indicates a pathway related to CLV [47,48]. Similarly, it has been reported that a gene family member of cellulose synthase CESA1/RSW1 regulates the growth of root and shoot cell walls and determines cell shape during cell division and expansion in embryo cells of Arabidopsis [49].…”

“…CLV1 receptor kinases activated by small ligand binding molecules CLV3, which is secreted by central zone stem cells. Findings reveal that mutation in anyone of these mentioned genes can cause defects in development of stem cells and hence, control the growth of plant [47]. CLV3 is the member of endosperm surrounding region (CLE) gene family, which codes for small amino acid peptides having a conserved C-terminal sequence and CLE motif containing specific receptors for signaling.…”