Comprehensive Review of Recent Research Advances on Flame-Retardant Coatings for Building Materials: Chemical Ingredients, Micromorphology, and Processing Techniques

Li, Fangfang

doi:10.3390/molecules28041842

Cited by 22 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…Fire-retardant coatings, common materials for fire protection of buildings, are widely used in the construction industry. Because they do not change the nature of the matrix, while greatly improving the ability of the matrix to resist flame propagation, they significantly reduce the fire hazard of buildings [ 27 , 28 ]. Flame-retardant coatings are divided into NIFRC [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ] and IFRC [ 33 , 34 , 35 ], depending on whether the flame-retardant coating expands when heated.…”

Section: Non-intumescent Flame-retardant Coatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Flame-Retardant Systems of Rigid Polyurethane Foams: An Overview

et al. 2023

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Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) is one of the best thermal insulation materials available, but its flammability makes it a potential fire hazard. Due to its porous nature, the large specific surface area is the key factor for easy ignition and rapid fires spread when exposed to heat sources. The burning process of RPUF mainly takes place on the surface. Therefore, if a flame-retardant coating can be formed on the surface of RPUF, it can effectively reduce or stop the flame propagation on the surface of RPUF, further improving the fire safety. Compared with the bulk flame retardant of RPUF, the flame-retardant coating on its surface has a higher efficiency in improving fire safety. This paper aims to review the preparations, properties, and working mechanisms of RPUF surface flame-retardant systems. Flame-retardant coatings are divided into non-intumescent flame-retardant coatings (NIFRCs) and intumescent flame-retardant coatings (IFRCs), depending on whether the flame-retardant coating expands when heated. After discussion, the development trends for surface flame-retardant systems are considered to be high-performance, biological, biomimetic, multifunctional flame-retardant coatings.

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Section: Non-intumescent Flame-retardant Coatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Flame-Retardant Systems of Rigid Polyurethane Foams: An Overview

et al. 2023

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“…Wood flammability is one of the limitations of its use in construction. Therefore, the search for improving it is constantly increasing, as seen in recent review studies on treatments to improve the wood fire reaction [6][7][8]. There are different ways to improve it, such as by retardant coating surface treatment, adding fire-retardant to the adhesive or by chemical impregnation of wood [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bonding strength of wood adhesives with fire-retardants under elevated temperatures

Silva,

Alves,

Andrade

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The utilization of wood and wood derivatives are growing in building construction, mainly due to sustainability and circularity reasons, despite the inherent flammability of wood. Woodworking often requires bonding elements with adhesives, which are prone to degradation under fire. A potential solution to improve the fire resistance of wood joints and their derivatives involves incorporating fire retardants into the adhesive compositions. This study explores the adhesion properties of bonded joints of medium-density fibreboard and pinewood panels using resins based on urea and polyurethanes derived from diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI). Various proportions of ammonium polyphosphate, borax, and expandable graphite were incorporated as fire retardants. Shear testing was conducted on lap joints under both room and elevated temperatures to evaluate their adhesive performance. At room temperature and 100°C, the predominant failure mode was panel tear failure, while at higher temperatures, cohesive failure became more prevalent. The results indicated a reduction in bonding strength and displacement with increasing temperature. In particular, the MDI-based resin demonstrated higher shear resistance at elevated temperatures in comparison to the urea-based resin. The addition of fire retardants, particularly ammonium polyphosphate, improved the shear strength of MDI joints at 100°C and 200°C. Furthermore, the determined shear modulus per meter evaluated the decreasing rigidity of the bonding joint with increasing temperature. In the reference case of urea without fire retardants, the rigidity of the bond decreased by approximately 100% at 200°C compared to room temperature. In contrast, the MDI cases with ammonium polyphosphate and borax experienced a more moderate decrease of around 60% at 230°C, indicating improved thermal stability.

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“…[3]. These particles can be added to coatings to improve their efficiency, providing beneficial effects on durability in critical environmental conditions [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Magnesium Hydroxide and Aluminum Hydroxide as Thermal Barriers on the Flame-Retardant Behavior of Acrylic-Based Coating

Scionti,

Piperopoulos,

Atria

et al. 2023

Coatings

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In the effort to improve fire safety in residential, industrial, or naval structures, the study of flame-retardant coatings has become increasingly interesting. Flame-retardant additives are definitely the most traveled route; however, often these additives are halogenated compounds that increase the amount of smoke and toxic decomposition of the products during polymer combustion. It is necessary to develop new fire retardant (FR) agents that respect the environment and are safe for human health. This work aims to study two completely harmless hydroxides, Mg(OH)2 and Al(OH)3, added in low percentages (2 wt.%) to an already marketed acrylic polymer emulsion (79.2 wt.% of solid content, 37.3 wt.% and 41.8 wt.%, respectively, for polymer and fillers contents) in order to decrease the dangerous effects of these additives on the physical integrity and durability of the coatings. The hydroxides content was added in 6.2 wt.% and 5.6 wt.%, respectively, to polymer and total solids present in the emulsion. Flame exposure tests are conducted at different times (15 s and 30 s) to verify the flame stability and thermal insulation exerted by the investigated coatings. Furthermore, through a precise analysis of the areas damaged by the combustion process, it is possible to link the flame-retardant properties to the FR choice and its particle size, finding a promising solution in the sample based on small Mg(OH)2 particles for fire protection in naval applications.

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Comprehensive Review of Recent Research Advances on Flame-Retardant Coatings for Building Materials: Chemical Ingredients, Micromorphology, and Processing Techniques

Cited by 22 publications

References 104 publications

Surface Flame-Retardant Systems of Rigid Polyurethane Foams: An Overview

Surface Flame-Retardant Systems of Rigid Polyurethane Foams: An Overview

Bonding strength of wood adhesives with fire-retardants under elevated temperatures

Effect of Magnesium Hydroxide and Aluminum Hydroxide as Thermal Barriers on the Flame-Retardant Behavior of Acrylic-Based Coating

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