Comprehensive multivariate correlations between climatic effect, metabolite-profile, antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activity of Brazilian red propolis metabolites during seasonal study

Abstract

The standardization of apiceutical products like as propolis extracts has been widely debated worldwide and variations in the propolis chemical composition are still very relevant topics for use-standardized of different propolis-type as medication by much of the world’s population. The present manuscript discuss important issues related to the climate effect and variations in propolis metabolite-profiling changes, antioxidant capacity and variations of the antibacterial activity of the Brazilian red propolis metabolites using comprehensive multivariate correlations. It was observed the increasing of guttiferones concentrations during the intense drought period and drastic decreasing in rainy period. The climate variation induced the high concentration of flavonoids in rainy period with pronounced dropped in some rainy months. The Pearson´s analysis demonstrated correlation between IC50 from DPPH and guttiferones and flavonoids concentrations. The PCA-X and Hotelling T2 test showed outliers during the months with lowest concentrations of formononetin and isoliquiritigenin was observed in antibacterial tests. The PLS-DA, OPLS-DA and VIP analysis demonstrate guttiferone E, guttiferone B, liquiritigenin, naringenin are considered important substances responsible by anti-staphylococcal activity in red propolis composition during the rainy season and drought period, but a synergistic effect with other flavonoids and isoflavonoids are not ruled out.

Biomedical Properties of Propolis on Diverse Chronic Diseases and Its Potential Applications and Health Benefits

“…Several abiotic factors such as light intensity, average temperature, humidity, wind speed, solar radiation, water availability, and rainfall, collectively defined as seasonal effects, can directly affect the concentration of plant components, including flavonoids and phenolic acids, which influence the chemical composition and bioactivity of propolis [61][62][63]. This aspect poses difficulties propolis classification and standardization, and the different solvents and extraction methods may influence its activity [32,64].…”

Seasonality Modulates the Cellular Antioxidant Activity and Antiproliferative Effect of Sonoran Desert Propolis

“…In previous studies of propolis from the Sonoran Desert, we found that the antiproliferative effect of UP in human and murine cancer cell lines, such as M12.C3.F6, was clearly influenced by collection time [ 19 , 20 ]. These seasonal variations are additionally supported by recent studies that have established a correlation between total phenolic compounds in Brazilian red propolis and meteorological parameters throughout the year, such as rainfall intensity, relative humidity and solar radiation, conditions that modulate the biosynthesis of polyphenols in selected plants, and therefore determine the pharmacological potential of seasonal propolis [ 18 ]. Other studies also reported seasonal differences in the antimicrobial activity of red propolis collected during seasons with rainy and dry periods, observing quantitative differences in chemical composition and supporting the variability of propolis biological activities throughout the year [ 47 ].…”

“…The broad array of biological activities of propolis include antioxidant, antibacterial, antiparasitic, antifungic, immunomodulatory activity and antiproliferative effects, among others [ 10 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. At present, the seasonal influence on propolis production from dissimilar geographical areas, as well as derived from different plant origins, has been studied to establish a correlation between its pharmacological potential and the qualitative and quantitative fluctuations of propolis constituents throughout the year [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ].…”

Metabolomics Reveals Discrimination of Chinese Propolis from Different Climatic Regions

“…A comparative study of botanical origins and chemical compositions of propolis from a wide range of countries revealed that the antibacterial activity was attributed to samples from locations featuring a wet-tropical rainforest-type climate [40]. The antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the Brazilian red propolis were influenced by climatic variations [41]. Due to the different climatic and vegetation characteristics, a distinct classification of Argentinian propolis between the coastal region and the top of the mountain region was shown by a digital image-based traceability tool [42].…”