Comprehensive HILIC × RPLC with mass spectrometry detection for the analysis of saponins in Panax notoginseng

Abstract

A comprehensive off-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) method coupling hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) was developed in this study to detect as many saponins as possible in extracts of Panax notoginseng. The orthogonality of the 2D HILIC × RPLC was up to 81%, and the peak capacity was 10200. In total, 224 saponins were found, and some of them were trace amounts. Besides, a screening table designed by adding molecular weights of possible aglycones and sugars was constructed to help rapidly characterize the saponins using MS information. Unfortunately, the structure of saponins could not be identified by using only MS information.

Homolog-focused profiling of ginsenosides based on the integration of step-wise formate anion-to-deprotonated ion transition screening and scheduled multiple reaction monitoring

“…Above all, the strategy proposed in the present study was proved as a time-saving and reliable approach to achieve ginsenoside-focused profiling in complicated matrices. In previous studies, researchers have tried their best to universally characterize the ginsenosides in Panax plants by combining orthogonal chromatographic techniques [25,29,36]; nonetheless, concerns were seldom put into globally relative quantitation of ginsenosides. In …”

“…Extensive investigations have been carried out to disclose the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of G and AG, as well as to clarify their efficacy material basis. The triterpenoid saponins, namely ginsenosides, are widely believed as the primary effective ingredients in both G and AG [23][24][25][26], deservedly, as well as their processed products, such as red ginseng; hence, qualitative and quantitative analysis of ginsenosides serve as determinant roles for the exploration and development of G and AG. Multidisciplinary techniques have significantly advanced diverse aspects of ginsenoside investigations [23][24][25]27,28]; nonetheless, it still remains a great challenge to gain a holistic view regarding the saponins in G and AG due to their complex chemical compositions.…”

Application of two-dimensional chromatography in the analysis of Chinese herbal medicines

“…In this medicine, saponins are regarded as the main bioactive components. By combining two different separation modes, i.e., hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), an orthogonal separation was easily accomplished with a peak capacity up to 10,200 [42]. A total of 224 saponins were found in 16 HILIC fractions and some of these saponins were present in trace amounts.…”

Recent development in liquid chromatography stationary phases for separation of Traditional Chinese Medicine components

“…These compounds possess diverse pharmacological activities [42,43]. Jin et al [44] developed a comprehensive offline 2D-HILIC/RPLC method to detect saponins in extracts of Panax notoginseng, based on an Acchrom XAmide column and an UHPLC BEH C18 column. The orthogonality of the 2D-HILIC/RPLC was up to 81%, and the peak capacity was 10,200.…”