Comprehensive Evaluation of the Biological Properties of Surface-Modified Titanium Alloy Implants

Abstract

An increasing interest in the fabrication of implants made of titanium and its alloys results from their capacity to be integrated into the bone system. This integration is facilitated by different modifications of the implant surface. Here, we assessed the bioactivity of amorphous titania nanoporous and nanotubular coatings (TNTs), produced by electrochemical oxidation of Ti6Al4V orthopedic implants' surface. The chemical composition and microstructure of TNT layers was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). To increase their antimicrobial activity, TNT coatings were enriched with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method and tested against various bacterial and fungal strains for their ability to form a biofilm. The biointegrity and anti-inflammatory properties of these layers were assessed with the use of fibroblast, osteoblast, and macrophage cell lines. To assess and exclude potential genotoxicity issues of the fabricated systems, a mutation reversal test was performed (Ames Assay MPF, OECD TG 471), showing that none of the TNT coatings released mutagenic substances in long-term incubation experiments. The thorough analysis performed in this study indicates that the TNT5 and TNT5/AgNPs coatings (TNT5-the layer obtained upon applying a 5 V potential) present the most suitable physicochemical and biological properties for their potential use in the fabrication of implants for orthopedics. For this reason, their mechanical properties were measured to obtain full system characteristics.

In Vitro Studies on Nanoporous, Nanotubular and Nanosponge-Like Titania Coatings, with the Use of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

“…However, optimal properties should be sought, and our research allows us to conclude about the high usefulness of TNT5 coatings. Furthermore, it confirms our extensive previous research, indicating this coating as the most biocompatible, not causing cytotoxic and genotoxic effects and bioactive microbiocidal [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]83]. The fact, that TNT5 possessed the most similar value of Young's modulus to bone, and that on this coating the number of osteoblasts seeded and co-cultured with ADSCs rose after 72 h culture almost twice when compared with unmodified scaffold and by 30% when compared with MG-63 cells growing alone, together with the ability to provoke a higher ALP activity, allows to state that this system has high application potential in modern implantology.…”

The Photocatalytic Activity of Titania Coatings Produced by Electrochemical and Chemical Oxidation of Ti6Al4V Substrate, Estimated According to ISO 10678:2010

“…The synthesis, and structural and morphological characterization of titania nanotubes (TNT) and nanofiber (TNF) samples, were carried out considering results of our earlier reports [35][36][37].…”

“…Our previous works were mainly focused on the estimation of the bioactivity of titania-based materials produced on the surface of titanium or its alloys' substrates and differing in architecture and structure [34][35][36][37][38]. These materials were synthesized mainly by electrochemical oxidation (titania nanoporous, nanotubular and nanosonge-like coatings (TNT)), and also by direct chemical oxidation (titania nanofibrous coatings (TNF)), without further annealing.…”

Biomaterial-Related Infections

“…oral biofilms' infections, and the latest chemical and natural drugs used for this. These papers, which address the medical implications of the topics covered, will be summarized in the following lines.Piszczek et al [1] concluded that surface-modified titanium alloy implants present the most suitable physicochemical and biological properties for a potential orthopedic application, with the important advantage of not having long-term release of mutagenic substances. Other work explains…”

“…Piszczek et al [1] concluded that surface-modified titanium alloy implants present the most suitable physicochemical and biological properties for a potential orthopedic application, with the important advantage of not having long-term release of mutagenic substances. Other work explains…”