Comprehensive determination of flavouring additives and nicotine in e-cigarette refill solutions. Part II: Gas-chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis

Aszyk, Justyna; Woźniak, Mateusz Kacper; Kubica, Paweł; Kot‐Wasik, Agata; Namieśnik, Jacek; Wasik, Andrzej

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.057

Cited by 31 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…As a result, the number of scientific publications on the chemical characterization of e-liquids in terms of flavoring additives has recently increasing. To cite the most recent studies, in 2017 Aszyk et al carried out a comprehensive determination of flavoring additives on 25 e-liquid samples highlighting that limonene and benzyl acetate were the two most frequently detected [23]. In 2018 Girvalaki et al reported findings from qualitative and quantitative analysis performed on 122 of the most commonly sold e-liquids in 9 EU member states.…”

Section: Flavoring Additivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Characterization of Electronic Cigarette (e-cigs) Refill Liquids Prior to EU Tobacco Product Directive Adoption: Evaluation of BTEX Contamination by HS-SPME-GC-MS and Identification of Flavoring Additives by GC-MS-O

et al. 2020

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The present study focused on the determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) concentration levels in 97 refill liquids for e-cigs selected by the Italian National Institute of Health as representative of the EU market between 2013 and 2015 prior to the implementation of the European Union (EU) Tobacco Product Directive (TPD). Most of the e-liquids investigated (85/97) were affected by BTEX contamination, with few exceptions observed (levels below the limit of quantification (LOQ) of headspace-solid phase micro extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) methodology). Across brands, concentration levels ranged from 2.7 to 30,200.0 µg/L for benzene, from 1.9 to 447.8 µg/L for ethylbenzene, from 1.9 to 1,648.4 µg/L for toluene and from 1.7 to 574.2 µg/L for m,p,o-xylenes. The variability observed in BTEX levels is likely to be related to the variability in contamination level of both propylene glycol and glycerol and flavoring additives included. No correlation was found with nicotine content. Moreover, on a limited number of e-liquids, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry (GC-MS-O) analysis was performed, allowing the identification of key flavoring additives responsible of specific flavor notes. Among them, diacetyl is a flavoring additive of concern for potential toxicity when directly inhaled into human airways. The data reported are eligible to be included in the pre-TPD database and may represent a reference for the ongoing evaluation on e-liquids safety and quality under the current EU Legislation.

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Section: Flavoring Additivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Characterization of Electronic Cigarette (e-cigs) Refill Liquids Prior to EU Tobacco Product Directive Adoption: Evaluation of BTEX Contamination by HS-SPME-GC-MS and Identification of Flavoring Additives by GC-MS-O

et al. 2020

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“…( Supplementary Materials) reported that presence of vanillin and cinnamaldehyde in e-liquids is highly related to toxicity [44]. e majority of chemical effects with unknown health effects are present in e-liquids, normally they are safe when digested, but little is known about inhalation of these products [45]. Most e-liquid manufacturers do not include its composition or chemical concentrations in labels, despite knowing that some of these chemicals are proved to be cytotoxic in cellular and animal models [46].…”

Section: Conflicts Of Interestmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotoxic and Carcinogenic Potential of Compounds Associated with Electronic Cigarettes: A Systematic Review

Armendáriz‐Castillo

Guerrero

Vera-Guapi

et al. 2019

BioMed Research International

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Background. Many studies, comparing the health associated risks of electronic cigarettes with conventional cigarettes focus mainly on the common chemical compounds found between them. Aim. Review chemical compounds found exclusively in electronic cigarettes and describe their toxic e ects, focusing on electronic-cigarette-only and dual electronic-cigarette and conventional cigarette users. Data Sources. Literature search was carried out using PubMed. Study Eligibility Criteria. Articles related exclusively to conventional and electronic cigarettes' chemical composition. Articles which reported to be nanced from tobacco or electronic cigarettes industries, not reporting source of funding, not related to the chemical composition of electronic and conventional cigarettes and not relevant to tobacco research were excluded. Methods and Results. Chemical compounds reported in the selected studies were tabulated using the Chemical Abstracts Service registry number for chemical substances information. A total of 50 chemical compounds were exclusively reported to be present in electronic cigarettes. Crucial health risks identi ed were: eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritation, with almost 50% of incidence, an increment of 10% in cytotoxic e ects, when compared to compounds in common with conventional cigarettes and around 11% of compounds with unknown e ects to human health. Limitations. Articles reporting con icts of interest. Conclusions and Implications of Key Findings. Despite being considered as less harmful for human health, compounds found in electronic cigarettes are still a matter of research and their e ects on health are yet unknown. e use of these devices is not recommended for rst time users and it is considered hazardous for dual users.

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“…Several studies have revealed that e-liquids containing nicotine used in ENDs are greatly variable than what are stated on labels [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Hence, Jordan Food and Drug Administration (JFDA) has recently issued specific legislations for tobacco and nicotine delivery systems including ENDs licensing and regulation in July 2019, which necessitate the utilization of reliable analytical methods to control these products and their contents for quality and safety.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simple HPLC method for rapid quantification of nicotine content in e-cigarettes liquids

Alhusban

Ata

2021

Acta Chromatographica

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Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDs) are gaining popularity in Jordan as alternatives to tobacco cigarettes with an estimation of 10% of tobacco smokers switching to ENDs. Since nicotine is toxic and highly addictive substance, it is important to develop and validate an easy and rapid analytical method to accurately measure nicotine level in e-liquids. A simple high performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detection (HPLC–PDA) method was developed and validated for rapid determination of the actual nicotine content in 11 of the most popular e-liquids brands available in the Jordanian market and compared to the nicotine levels appeared in the labeled packaging. The new method of analysis showed an excellent linearity with correlation factor equal to 0.9994 with analytical range between 100 and 1,000 µg/mL, and Limit of detection (LOD) and Limit of quantification (LOQ) of 32.6 µg/mL and 98.9 µg/mL, respectively. The results showed that the actual measured nicotine concentrations ranged from 0 to 25.81 mg/mL with percent deviation ranged from 63.1% less than to 3.24% more than the labeled concentration on packaging. And more than 10% deviation difference in actual nicotine concentrations versus labeled were found in 9 of the 11 e-liquid products (82%). In conclusion, nicotine labelling among e-liquids products have not accurately reflect the actual content which may have potential negative impact on users.

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Comprehensive determination of flavouring additives and nicotine in e-cigarette refill solutions. Part II: Gas-chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis

Cited by 31 publications

References 22 publications

Chemical Characterization of Electronic Cigarette (e-cigs) Refill Liquids Prior to EU Tobacco Product Directive Adoption: Evaluation of BTEX Contamination by HS-SPME-GC-MS and Identification of Flavoring Additives by GC-MS-O

Chemical Characterization of Electronic Cigarette (e-cigs) Refill Liquids Prior to EU Tobacco Product Directive Adoption: Evaluation of BTEX Contamination by HS-SPME-GC-MS and Identification of Flavoring Additives by GC-MS-O

Genotoxic and Carcinogenic Potential of Compounds Associated with Electronic Cigarettes: A Systematic Review

Simple HPLC method for rapid quantification of nicotine content in e-cigarettes liquids

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