“…The process gas was N 2 (99.999% purity) and the flow rate and pressure were controlled using a mass flow controller (MFC, Mass-Flo ® , 1000sccm, MKS, Andover, MA, USA). The reactor base pressure was 10 −6 Torr, which was maintained using a turbomolecular pump (STP-1303C, Edwards, Burgess Hill, UK) and dry pump (GX100N, Edwards, Burgess Hill, UK) [10]. The cut-off probe (CP) and Langmuir probe (LP) were measured 200 mm from the center of the chamber and 20 mm from the wafer surface.…”