Comprehensive Analysis of Colorectal Cancer Immunity and Identification of Immune-Related Prognostic Targets

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (COAD) is ranked as the third most common cancer and second in terms of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Due to its poor overall survival and prognosis, the incidents of COAD are significantly increasing. Although treatment methods have greatly been improved in the last decade, it is still not good enough to have satisfactory treatment outcomes. In recent years, immunotherapy has been successful to some extent in the treatment of many cancers but still, many patients do not respond to immunotherapy. Therefore, it is essential to have a deeper understanding of the immune characteristics of the tumor microenvironment and identify meaningful immune targets. In terms of immune targets, COAD has been poorly explored; thus, in the current study, based on the immune cell infiltration score and differentially expressed genes, COAD tumors were classified into hot and cold tumors. The Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression analysis was used to identify hub genes, construct a prognostic model, and screen potential immune targets. In total, 12 genes (CLK3, CYSLTR2, GJA10, CYP4Z1, FAM185A, LINC00324, EEF1A1P34, EEF1B2P8, PTCSC3, MIR6780A, LINC01666, and RNU6.661P) differentially expressed between hot and cold tumors were screened out. Among them, CYSLTR2 was considered as a potential candidate gene, because it showed a significant positive correlation with immune cell infiltration and immune checkpoints (PDCD1, CD274, and CTLA4). Finally, we constructed and validated a new prognostic model for COAD showing 0.854 AUC for the ROC curve, and these results provide sufficient potential to choose CYSLTR2 as an important immune target for the prognosis of COAD.

NAD+ associated genes as potential biomarkers for predicting the prognosis of gastric cancer

“…The proteins encoded by PARP14 and PARP9 are DNA damage repair enzymes that act as tumor suppressors by consuming NAD+ to stabilize cell metabolism and prevent genomic instability from containing potential oncogenic mutations [53,54]. It is well known that the higher mutational burden of tumors leads to alterations in immune functions, resulting in poor survival and prognosis [55][56][57][58]. The ratio of NMRGs mutation in GC patients was significantly low, suggesting that a high conservation of the NAD+ metabolism related genes.…”

Revealing the pathogenesis of gastric intestinal metaplasia based on the mucosoid air-liquid interface

“…The basal medium widely utilized for culturing mammalian cells is Advanced DMEM/F-12 (ADF) medium [22]. To maintain cell stemness, Wnt3a, R-spondin1, and A83-01 were employed [23,24].…”

Clinical implications of lncRNA LINC-PINT in cancer

“…However, exploiting the potential of lncRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets is just the beginning (Mirzaei et al, 2022). For example, lncRNAs associated with immune checkpoints (Li et al, 2022a;Jiang et al, 2022;Wen et al, 2022) have been used as disease biomarkers in the new wave of cancer immunotherapy that is currently revolutionizing oncology practice (Figure 1A). Nevertheless, small successes in the clinical setting are expected to help build confidence in lncRNAs as biomarkers and produce the momentum needed for their broader applications.…”