Comprehensive analysis method of determining global long-term GHG mitigation potential of passenger battery electric vehicles

Hou, Fangxin; Chen, Xiaotong; Chen, Xing; Yang, Fang; Ma, Zhiyuan; Zhang, Shining; Liu, Changyi; Zhao, Yang; Guo, Fei

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125137

Cited by 43 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…It has been reported that, at least until 2050, global energy production will depend on fossil fuels [ 75 ], which account for a large proportion of GHG emissions. To minimize GHG emissions, incentives for the use of renewable energy sources in the future have been introduced; this will increase the share of clean energy in total energy use [ 76 ]. Currently, however, higher energy consumption per capita generally means higher GHG emissions, which increase the emission intensity of food production systems.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Greenhouse gas emissions intensity of food production systems and its determinants

et al. 2021

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It is estimated that about 1/4th of all greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions may be caused by the global food system. Reducing the GHG emissions from food production is a major challenge in the context of the projected growth of the world’s population, which is increasing demand for food. In this context, the goal should be to achieve the lowest possible emission intensity of the food production system, understood as the amount of GHG emissions per unit of output. The study aimed to calculate the emission intensity of food production systems and to specify its determinants based on a panel regression model for 14 countries, which accounted for more than 65% of food production in the world between 2000 and 2014. In this article, emission intensity is defined as the amount of GHG emissions per value of global output. Research on the determinants of GHG emissions related to food production is well documented in the literature; however, there is a lack of research on the determinants of the emission intensity ratio for food production. Hence, the original contribution of this paper is the analysis of the determinants of GHG emissions intensity of food production systems. The study found the decreased of emission intensity from an average of more than 0.68 kg of CO2 equivalent per USD 1 worth of food production global output in 2000 to less than 0.46 in 2014. The determinants of emission intensity decrease included the yield of cereals, the use of nitrogen fertilizers, the agriculture material intensity, the Human Development Index, and the share of fossil fuel energy consumption in total energy use. The determinants of growth of emission intensity of food production systems included GDP per capita, population density, nitrogen fertilizer production, utilized agriculture area, share of animal production, and energy use per capita.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Greenhouse gas emissions intensity of food production systems and its determinants

et al. 2021

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“…Similar to electric roads, most of the emissions of charging piles come during the construction stage. For 5.29 g CO 2 -eq/km charging pile LCA emissions, approximately 5.28 g CO 2 -eq/km CO 2 emissions come from the construction stage [9]. The financial benefits obtained by laying charging piles in different regions are also diverse [35].…”

Section: Operation Equipment Settling and Usingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The driving emissions of NEVs transfer the burden of driving emissions to the power plant. Therefore, the power generation configuration and power generation emissions of a country or region greatly affect the environmental improvement efficiency of NEVs in the relevant country or region [7][8][9][10]. Moreover, NEVs will still increase environmental pollution, such as by particulate matter formation (PMF) [11,12], human toxicity (HT) [13,14], and terrestrial acidification (TA) [12,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Environmental Efficiency Evaluation of New Energy Vehicles Using Life Cycle Analysis

Wang

Tang

2022

Sustainability

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New energy vehicles (NEVs), especially electric vehicles (EVs), address the important task of reducing the greenhouse effect. It is particularly important to measure the environmental efficiency of new energy vehicles, and the life cycle analysis (LCA) model provides a comprehensive evaluation method of environmental efficiency. To provide researchers with knowledge regarding the research trends of LCA in NEVs, a total of 282 related studies were counted from the Web of Science database and analyzed regarding their research contents, research preferences, and research trends. The conclusion drawn from this research is that the stages of energy resource extraction and collection, carrier production and energy transportation, maintenance, and replacement are not considered to be research links. The stages of material, equipment, and car transportation and operation equipment settling, and forms of use need to be considered in future research. Hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (HFCEVs), vehicle type classification, the water footprint, battery recovery and reuse, and battery aging are the focus of further research, and comprehensive evaluation combined with more evaluation methods is the direction needed for the optimization of LCA. According to the results of this study regarding EV and hybrid power vehicles (including plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), fuel-cell electric vehicles (FCEV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), and extended range electric vehicles (EREV)), well-to-wheel (WTW) average carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have been less than those in the same period of gasoline internal combustion engine vehicles (GICEV). However, EV and hybrid electric vehicle production CO2 emissions have been greater than those during the same period of GICEV and the total CO2 emissions of EV have been less than during the same period of GICEV.

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“…Based on two travel demand scenarios [58] for high demand (WCS) and [59] for low demand (BCS)-, in Figure 7, expressed in Pkm, and by taking into account the estimated consumption in LGE/km, the demand is determined in LGE in Table 12 for the years 2020, 2030, and 2050. Moreover, based on the high and low travel demands, Table 12 includes the available RES solar and wind energy demand in TWh in 2050 if an overall energy intensity of 0.15625 kWh/km is considered, according to the Baseline scenario in [67]. Table 13 synthesizes the available resources for two cases: WCS (low supply) and BCS (high supply) required for battery storage and fueling/charging the vehicle based on low-use scenarios in [14], which considers 0.1 (10%) for Ni, 0.4 (40%) for Li, 0.5 (50%) for Co, and 0.4 (40%) for Pt resources, to which recycling adds more by material recovery, as seen in Table 7.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The energy demand is directly related to the energy intensity. According to the Baseline scenario in [14], it is estimated at around 20 kWh/100 km in 2020, at 16 kWh/100 km by 2030, at 14 kWh/100 km by 2040, and at 12.5 kWh/100 km by 2050 [67].…”

Section: Yearmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the Light-Duty Vehicles’ Storage and Travel Demand on the Sustainable Exploitation of Available Resources and Air Pollution Abatement

Machedon-Pisu¹,

Borza²

2022

Sustainability

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Light-duty vehicles are the predominant means of road transport. As the world population is expected to increase significantly in the following decades, so too will the car fleet. Due to the rising population, and the implicitly higher travel demand, the energy demand of cars will increase too, and this will put a strain on current resources, with negative effects on the supply chain, possibly leading to more pollution. Many of the current sustainable transport models and frameworks attempt to predict the vehicle market share for different powertrains and the resulting impact based on scenarios that cater to the automotive market and industry demands. At the same time, most neglect aspects regarding resources’ depletion and storage demand. In this sense, this study proposes a coherent testing methodology based on the ratio between demand and supply in order to address the limitations of these studies, mainly related to the sustainable exploitation of available resources, which are analyzed herein in correlation with the current predictions. A sensitivity analysis is provided in order to evaluate the uncertainty of utilized predictions. As a result of this analysis, two novel scenarios for assessing the evolution of the vehicle market share are proposed by the authors. When compared to similar scenarios, it was shown that the proposed scenarios lead to noticeable benefits in reducing dependency on the resources associated with a demand of energy and raw materials and in mitigating air pollution, including related costs.

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Comprehensive analysis method of determining global long-term GHG mitigation potential of passenger battery electric vehicles

Cited by 43 publications

References 17 publications

Greenhouse gas emissions intensity of food production systems and its determinants

Greenhouse gas emissions intensity of food production systems and its determinants

A Review on Environmental Efficiency Evaluation of New Energy Vehicles Using Life Cycle Analysis

Impact of the Light-Duty Vehicles’ Storage and Travel Demand on the Sustainable Exploitation of Available Resources and Air Pollution Abatement

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