Composition of Swine Milk I. Major Constituents and Carotene, Vitamin A and Vitamin C

Heidebrecht, A. A.; MacVicar, Robert; Ross, O. B.; Whitehair, C. K.

doi:10.1093/jn/44.1.43

Cited by 21 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…It is only in recent years that it has been possible to obtain adequate samples of sow's milk by the use of injections of posterior pituitary preparations, and consequently very little is known of the various factors affecting its composi- Whitehair (1951) and Smith (1952a, 6) are all in agreement that the fat content tends to decline with advancing lactation, while Hughes & Hart (1935) and Niwa et al (1951) found that it tended to rise. The findings of Hughes & Hart (1935), Bowland, Grummer, Phillips & Bohstedt (19496), Heidebrecht et al (1951) and Niwa et al (1951) are in general agreement with the changes in the total solids content of the milk reported in the present work, in that their results showed a tendency for it to decrease up to about the 3rd week of lactation followed by an increase to the end of lactation. Braude et al (1947), however, reported that the total solids content showed a very slight tendency to decrease throughout lactation, while the curve tion.…”

Section: (/) Chemical Composition Of Sow's Milk In Relation To the Stsupporting

confidence: 92%

Studies on milk production of Large White pigs

1955

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1. A review of the literature relating to the frequency at which pigs suckle under natural conditions was made. The evidence indicated that the average interval between successive sucklings is approximately 1–1¼ hr.2. A number of sows and their litters were continuously observed for varying periods of time under natural conditions and a similar average interval between sucklings was observed.3. A review of the literature relating to the determination of milk production of sows was made. This showed that the majority of previous workers imposed, during the periods when the litters were being weighed before and after every suckling, a suckling frequency that did not simulate the natural behaviour of the animals. Evidence suggesting that the imposition of such unnatural conditions invalidated the findings, in so far as they might indicate the true milking capacity of the animals, was discussed.4. An experiment to obtain direct evidence on the importance of the suckling interval in relation to the milk obtained by the pigs was carried out. Conclusive evidence was obtained that when suckling was allowed every hour, both the quantity of milk obtained by the litters and their live-weight gain in 24 hr. periods were much greater than was the case when suckling was allowed only every 2½ or 3 hr. In addition, the pigs on the hourly suckling frequency utilized their milk intake more efficiently.5. An experiment was carried out in which an attempt was made to obtain, under natural conditions, a valid estimate of the 56 days' lactation yield of three Large White gilts. The method of weighing the individual pigs before and after suckling was used, and the animals were allowed to suckle every hour.6. The estimated average lactation yield was 768 lb., with a range of from 882 to 655 lb., although it was suggested that the true yield might be some 5–10% higher. The figures obtained in this work were shown to be very much higher than the yields reported by most of the previous workers.7. The nursing and suckling behaviour of the dams and their litters was studied. Observations of significance in relation to the variation in growth of pigs within a litter were made.8. Data were obtained concerning the average amount of milk obtained by individual pigs at a suckling, the total amount ejected at a suckling, the effect of daylight and of darkness on the amount of milk obtained, the relative productivity of the individual mammary glands and the efficiency with which the milk intake was utilized by the individual pigs in the litter.9. A close positive relation between milk intake and live-weight gain during the first 3 weeks of life was found. During the last 5 weeks of lactation, when supplementary food was available, this close relationship was not seen.10. The growth rate of the suckling pig, as related to the supply of food, was discussed. The evidence available suggested that the supply of sow's milk was frequently insufficient to meet the requirements of the pigs for optimum growth.11. The chemical composition of sow's milk in relation to the stage of lactation was studied.

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Section: (/) Chemical Composition Of Sow's Milk In Relation To the Stsupporting

confidence: 92%

Studies on milk production of Large White pigs

1955

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“…The fat percentage is evidently very variable and fluctuates widely from week to week and possibly from day to day. Some workers have reported a tendency for fat percentage to decline (2,3,4,5,7,8,10), and some a tendency for it to rise (6,11,12,13), while others (14) could observe no significant trend either way.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the changes in composition which occur during the transition from colostrum to normal milk(i), the percentages of the major constituents of sow's milk change during the course of lactation. Few workers have sampled milk from the same sows frequently and regularly throughout lactation, but those who have done so (2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) generally agree that ash percentage rises steadily, protein percentage tends to decline until the second or third week and then rises, while the percentage of lactose tends to decline steadily throughout lactation. The fat percentage is evidently very variable and fluctuates widely from week to week and possibly from day to day.…”

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confidence: 99%

The composition of sow's milk during lactation with particular reference to the relationship between protein and lactose

Lodge¹

1959

Journal of Dairy Research

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1. Data are given on the changes which occurred in the composition of sow's milk during the course of 24 lactations. The mean percentages of the major constituents (192 samples) were: total solids, 20·0%: crude protein, 5·7%: lactose, 4·7%; fat, 8·6% and ash, 0·89%.2. There were differences in milk composition between sows and between successive lactations, but these were only appreciable for milk fat percentage between sows.3. A highly significant negative correlation (P < 0·001; r = –0·62) was found to exist between the percentages of protein and lactose in the milk, quite apart from the general trend for protein content to fall with advance in lactation. Possible reasons for this are discussed.

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“…The Ca content of all diets was adequate (1.2% total Ca). Nutrient requirements for this age of pigs were determined based on the composition of sow’s milk [20] and an extrapolation from NRC requirements for older pigs [21]. All pigs were individually housed in raised cages and fed through a gravity-flow milk delivery system [22].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neonatal Phosphate Nutrition Alters in Vivo and in Vitro Satellite Cell Activity in Pigs

et al. 2012

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Satellite cell activity is necessary for postnatal skeletal muscle growth. Severe phosphate (PO4) deficiency can alter satellite cell activity, however the role of neonatal PO4 nutrition on satellite cell biology remains obscure. Twenty-one piglets (1 day of age, 1.8 ± 0.2 kg BW) were pair-fed liquid diets that were either PO4 adequate (0.9% total P), supra-adequate (1.2% total P) in PO4 requirement or deficient (0.7% total P) in PO4 content for 12 days. Body weight was recorded daily and blood samples collected every 6 days. At day 12, pigs were orally dosed with BrdU and 12 h later, satellite cells were isolated. Satellite cells were also cultured in vitro for 7 days to determine if PO4 nutrition alters their ability to proceed through their myogenic lineage. Dietary PO4 deficiency resulted in reduced (P < 0.05) sera PO4 and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations, while supra-adequate dietary PO4 improved (P < 0.05) feed conversion efficiency as compared to the PO4 adequate group. In vivo satellite cell proliferation was reduced (P < 0.05) among the PO4 deficient pigs, and these cells had altered in vitro expression of markers of myogenic progression. Further work to better understand early nutritional programming of satellite cells and the potential benefits of emphasizing early PO4 nutrition for future lean growth potential is warranted.

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Composition of Swine Milk I. Major Constituents and Carotene, Vitamin A and Vitamin C

Cited by 21 publications

References 6 publications

Studies on milk production of Large White pigs

Studies on milk production of Large White pigs

The composition of sow's milk during lactation with particular reference to the relationship between protein and lactose

Neonatal Phosphate Nutrition Alters in Vivo and in Vitro Satellite Cell Activity in Pigs

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