Composition of muscle fibers in the slow loris, using the m. biceps brachii as an example

Kimura, Tadanao; Kumakura, Hiroo; Inokuchi, Seiichiro; Ishida, Hidemi

doi:10.1007/bf02380866

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…; Sickles & Pinkstaff, ; Kimura et al. ; Suzuki, ) and the sloth (Barany et al. ) when compared with similar‐sized species that engage in swifter and more powerful movements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This confirms previous observations from hindlimb muscles (Myatt et al 2011) and agrees well with the orangutan's cautious and deliberate locomotor habits (MacKinnon, 1974;Thorpe & Crompton, 2005, 2006. Similarly, a larger proportion of slow fibres have been observed in slow-moving species such as the slow loris (Ariano et al 1973;Sickles & Pinkstaff, 1981;Kimura et al 1987;Suzuki, 1996) and the sloth (Barany et al 1967) when compared with similar-sized species that engage in swifter and more powerful movements. However, our results are in contrast to previous findings for the psoas muscle in orangutans (Kimura, 2002), which reported less than a third slow fibres compared with about the two-thirds observed in this study.…”

Section: Fibre Type Composition In Hominoidsmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Fibre type composition in the lumbar perivertebral muscles of primates: implications for the evolution of orthogrady in hominoids

et al. 2013

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The axial musculoskeletal system is important for the static and dynamic control of the body during both locomotor and non-locomotor behaviour. As a consequence, major evolutionary changes in the positional habits of a species are reflected by morpho-functional adaptations of the axial system. Because of the remarkable phenotypic plasticity of muscle tissue, a close relationship exists between muscle morphology and function. One way to explore major evolutionary transitions in muscle function is therefore by comparative analysis of fibre type composition. In this study, the three-dimensional distribution of slow and fast muscle fibres was analysed in the lumbar perivertebral muscles of two lemuriform (mouse lemur, brown lemur) and four hominoid primate species (white-handed gibbon, orangutan, bonobo, chimpanzee) in order to develop a plausible scenario for the evolution of the contractile properties of the axial muscles in hominoids and to discern possible changes in muscle physiology that were associated with the evolution of orthogrady. Similar to all previously studied quadrupedal mammals, the lemuriform primates in this study exhibited a morpho-functional dichotomy between deep slow contracting local stabilizer muscles and superficial fast contracting global mobilizers and stabilizers and thus retained the fibre distribution pattern typical for quadrupedal non-primates. In contrast, the hominoid primates showed no regionalization of the fibre types, similar to previous observations in Homo. We suggest that this homogeneous fibre composition is associated with the high functional versatility of the axial musculature that was brought about by the evolution of orthograde behaviours and reflects the broad range of mechanical demands acting on the trunk in orthograde hominoids. Because orthogrady is a derived character of euhominoids, the uniform fibre type distribution is hypothesized to coincide with the evolution of orthograde behaviours.

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“…; Sickles & Pinkstaff, ; Kimura et al. ; Suzuki, ) and the sloth (Barany et al. ) when compared with similar‐sized species that engage in swifter and more powerful movements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fibre Type Composition In Hominoidsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Fibre type composition in the lumbar perivertebral muscles of primates: implications for the evolution of orthogrady in hominoids

et al. 2013

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“…For example, pygmy lorises have a much lower metabolic rate relative to other eutherian species of similar body mass, which is thought to be related to the high concentrations of toxins and digestion inhibitors in their largely exudate diet ( 8 – 11 ). In addition, pygmy lorises display slow movement and locomotion among the strepsirrhines, and are characterized by a muscle fiber composition that differs from the general condition in mammals ( 12 ), which is characterized by a predominance of slow-twitch muscle fibers. These fibers are slow to contract and consume less energy than the white muscle fibers found in most primates, but are better suited to tasks that require endurance, such as sustained locomotion ( 13 – 15 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

Functional genomics analysis reveals the evolutionary adaptation and demographic history of pygmy lorises

Wang

et al. 2022

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Lorises are a group of globally threatened strepsirrhine primates that exhibit many unusual physiological and behavioral features, including a low metabolic rate, slow movement, and hibernation. Here, we assembled a chromosome-level genome sequence of the pygmy loris ( Xanthonycticebus pygmaeus ) and resequenced whole genomes from 50 pygmy lorises and 6 Bengal slow lorises ( Nycticebus bengalensis ). We found that many gene families involved in detoxification have been specifically expanded in the pygmy loris, including the GSTA gene family, with many newly derived copies functioning specifically in the liver. We detected many genes displaying evolutionary convergence between pygmy loris and koala, including PITRM1. Significant decreases in PITRM1 enzymatic activity in these two species may have contributed to their characteristic low rate of metabolism. We also detected many evolutionarily convergent genes and positively selected genes in the pygmy loris that are involved in muscle development. Functional assays demonstrated the decreased ability of one positively selected gene, MYOF, to up-regulate the fast-type muscle fiber, consistent with the lower proportion of fast-twitch muscle fibers in the pygmy loris. The protein product of another positively selected gene in the pygmy loris, PER2 , exhibited weaker binding to the key circadian core protein CRY, a finding that may be related to this species’ unusual circadian rhythm. Finally, population genomics analysis revealed that these two extant loris species, which coexist in the same habitat, have exhibited an inverse relationship in terms of their demography over the past 1 million years, implying strong interspecies competition after speciation.

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“…In contrast, electron microscopic observations have revealed that white muscle fibers contain an abundance of glycogen, while the amounts of lipid and mitochondria they contain are the smallest (Gauthier, 1969;Ogata and Murata, 1969 In scanning these muscle fiber types, it is necessary to take into account where the tissue specimen of the muscle to be examined was located morphologically in terms of body axis because cells and tissues possess polarity with respect to morphology and show functionally different characteristics along the median axis. Such polarity is also Moreover, the composition of muscle fiber types in skeletal muscle reflects modes of action and the locomotor system of animals (Sickles and Pinkstaff, 1981;Kimura et al, 1987). The white-handed gibbon lives in trees and moves by suspending and supporting its whole body weight with the upper limbs using brachiation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Muscle Fiber Types in the M. Biceps Brachii of White-handed Gibbon and Crab-eating Monkey

Kimura

1992

Primate Research

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ABSTRACT. As part of a series of studies on the function and morphology of skeletal muscles, I compared the localization and distribution of red muscle fibers, intermediate muscle fibers and white muscle fibers in the m. biceps brachii of the white-handed gibbon and crab-eating monkey, While the white-handed gibbon possesses a specific suspensory locomotor system and lives in trees, the crab-eating monkey is active both on the ground and in trees and moves about mainly by quadrupedal walking. Morphologically polar specimens were obtained from a crosssection of the belly of the m. biceps brachii. In the white-handed gibbon, red muscle fibers, which show slow, long-term contraction were observed to be most frequent. In contrast, white muscle fibers, which are used for bursts of fast activity, were found to be most frequent in the crab-eating monkey. It appears that differences in the proportion of muscle fiber types between these two species depend on functional differences in locomotion: brachiation in the white-handed gibbon and quadrupedal walking in the crab-eating monkey.

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Composition of muscle fibers in the slow loris, using the m. biceps brachii as an example

Cited by 12 publications

References 12 publications

Fibre type composition in the lumbar perivertebral muscles of primates: implications for the evolution of orthogrady in hominoids

Fibre type composition in the lumbar perivertebral muscles of primates: implications for the evolution of orthogrady in hominoids

Functional genomics analysis reveals the evolutionary adaptation and demographic history of pygmy lorises

Comparison of Muscle Fiber Types in the M. Biceps Brachii of White-handed Gibbon and Crab-eating Monkey

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