Composition and Antioxidant Activity, Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Extracts, and Residue after Extraction of Biologically Active Compounds from Freeze-Dried Tomato Matrix

Abstract

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SCE-CO2) is an attractive, green technology that is used for the recovery of biologically active compounds from plant material. The antioxidant potential of lipophilic fractions (extract obtained with SCE-CO2) and hydrophilic fractions (extracts obtained from the residue after extraction) obtained from a matrix of freeze-dried tomatoes (cvs. “Admiro” F1, “Jurgiai”, “Vilina”, “Pirmutis”, and “Skariai”) was assessed via different antioxidant activity methods. The total amount of polyphenols, carotenoids, and carotenoid isomers before and after SCE-CO2 extraction was also determined. To investigate the effect of the SCE-CO2 extract on the viability of cancer cells, rat glioblastoma C6 cells were chosen. The SCE-CO2 yielded an average of 800 mg of lipophilic fraction per 100 g of freeze-dried tomatoes. The ABTS•+ scavenging activity of the extract was 251 ± 3.4 µmol TE/g. After SCE-CO2 extraction, the DPPH•-RSA of the freeze-dried tomato matrix was 7 to 12% higher. There was a strong positive correlation (R = 0.84) between the total polyphenolics content and the DPPH•-RSA of the tomato samples. The SCE-CO2 increased the radical scavenging activity of the extraction residue, indicating that a considerable fraction of the hydrophilic compounds with particular antioxidant capacity remain unextracted from the tomato matrix. Our results reveal the cytotoxic effect of lycopene extract rich in cis-isomers (62% cis-isomers of the total lycopene content) on rat glioblastoma C6 cells. The viability of the glioblastoma C6 cells significantly decreased (−42%) at a total lycopene concentration of 2.4 µM after 24 h of incubation.

Effect of solid-state fermentation and ultrasonication processes on antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of algae extracts

“…The total phenolic compound (TPC) content in the extracts was determined according to the Folin–Ciocalteu method ( 31 ) with slight modifications ( 32 ). Samples (1.0 mL) were introduced into test cuvettes followed by 5.0 mL 10% (1/10, v/v) of Folin–Ciocalteu's reagent by diluting a stock solution with ultra-pure distilled water and 4.0 mL of Na 2 CO 3 (7.5%).…”

“…The radical scavenging activity of extracts was also measured by ABTS •+ (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical cation assay ( 35 ) as described by Urbonaviciene et al ( 32 ). ABTS •+ solution (2 mM) was prepared by dissolving 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt in 50 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) obtained by dissolving 8.18 g NaCl, 0.27 g KH 2 PO 4 , 1.42 g Na 2 HPO 4 and 0.15 g KCl in 1 L of pure water.…”

Characterization of Macro- and Microalgae Extracts Bioactive Compounds and Micro- and Macroelements Transition from Algae to Extract

“…While the most studied carotenoid is beta-carotene, other carotenoids, such as lycopene, are now receiving much attention due to their higher antioxidant activity and organ-specific functionality in comparison with beta-carotene. Carotenoids cannot be synthesized by mammals and, therefore, have to be obtained from food/feed sources or in a form of dietary and (or) feed supplements [ 60 , 61 ]. A group acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0–5 mg kg −1 bw for β-carotene, β-apo-8′-carotenal, and β-apo-8′-carotenoic acid methyl and ethyl esters was established [ 62 ].…”

Antimicrobial Activities against Opportunistic Pathogenic Bacteria Using Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles in Plant and Lichen Enzyme-Assisted Extracts

“…The radical scavenging activity (RSA) of the extracts against the stable DPPH • was determined using the slightly modified spectrophotometric method described by Urbonaviciene et al [ 32 ].…”