Components and recognition of facial expression in the communication of emotion by actors.

Gosselin, Pierre; Kirouac, Gilles; Doré, François Y.

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.1.83

Cited by 138 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Moreover, brow-to-lid distance is a potent cue for the identification of some facial expressions, such as anger and surprise. Specifically, lowering of the eyebrows and pulling them together is one of the action units that are characteristic of angry expressions (Ekman & Friesen, 1978;Gosselin et al, 1997). The different typical values of brow-to-lid distance in female faces and in angry expressions might easily explain the higher error proportion and slower identification of sex in female angry faces found in the present series of experiments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…In fact, we found significant differences in sex classification only in the case of female faces, with more errors and slower RTs to angry expressions than to happy expressions. Given that browto-lid distance is usually bigger in females, and that angry expressions reduce this distance (Ekman & Friesen, 1978;Gosselin, Kirouac, & Doré, 1997), a straightforward explanation is that angry expressions increased the time needed to classify the sex of female faces. Second, there were, in fact, some suggestions of an influence of expression on sex classification in Atkinson et al's results.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Symmetrical interaction of sex and expression in face classification tasks

Aguado

Garcı́a-Gutiérrez

Serrano‐Pedraza

2009

Perception & Psychophysics

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Classification of faces as to their sex or their expression-with sex and expression varying orthogonally-was studied in three experiments. In Experiment 1, expression classification was influenced by sex, with angry male faces being classified faster than angry female faces. Complementarily, sex classification was faster for happy than for angry female faces. In Experiment 2, mutual interaction of sex and expression was also found when the participants were asked to classify top and bottom face segments. In Experiment 3, a face inversion effect was found for both sex and expression classification of whole faces. However, a symmetrical interaction between sex and expression was again found. The results are discussed in terms of configural versus feature processing in the perception of face sex and expression and of their relevance to face perception models that postulate independent processing of different facial features.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symmetrical interaction of sex and expression in face classification tasks

Aguado

Garcı́a-Gutiérrez

Serrano‐Pedraza

2009

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…Although the original prediction concerned lip pressing (AU24) and not lip tightening (Ekman, 2003), these two movements are closely related, because they are both produced by the same muscle, orbicularis oris, and they are both present in the prototypical expression of anger (Ekman et al, 2002b). Previous research also reported associations between lip tightening and expression of anger (Gosselin et al, 1995;Scherer & Ellgring, 2007). Interestingly, Gosselin et al (1995) found lip pressing to be less frequent than lip tightening in anger expressions portrayed by actors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Reliable facial muscle activation enhances recognizability and credibility of emotional expression.

Méhu

Mortillaro

Bänziger

et al. 2012

Emotion

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We tested Ekman's (2003) suggestion that movements of a small number of reliable facial muscles are particularly trustworthy cues to experienced emotion because they tend to be difficult to produce voluntarily. On the basis of theoretical predictions, we identified two subsets of facial action units (AUs): reliable AUs and versatile AUs. A survey on the controllability of facial AUs confirmed that reliable AUs indeed seem more difficult to control than versatile AUs, although the distinction between the two sets of AUs should be understood as a difference in degree of controllability rather than a discrete categorization. Professional actors enacted a series of emotional states using method acting techniques, and their facial expressions were rated by independent judges. The effect of the two subsets of AUs (reliable AUs and versatile AUs) on identification of the emotion conveyed, its perceived authenticity, and perceived intensity was investigated. Activation of the reliable AUs had a stronger effect than that of versatile AUs on the identification, perceived authenticity, and perceived intensity of the emotion expressed. We found little evidence, however, for specific links between individual AUs and particular emotion categories. We conclude that reliable AUs may indeed convey trustworthy information about emotional processes but that most of these AUs are likely to be shared by several emotions rather than providing information about specific emotions. This study also suggests that the issue of reliable facial muscles may generalize beyond the Duchenne smile.

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“…However, several authors (e.g. Banse & Scherer, 1996;Galati, Scherer, & Ricci Bitti, 1997;Gosselin, Kirouac, & Doré, 1995;Nusseck et al, 2008;Scherer & Ellgring, 2007) have expressed confidence that, with adequate training, actors manage to produce instances of emotional expressions that are sufficiently stable and realistic. Consequently, in our experiment we adopted a technique of emotion self-induction that has been successfully used in previous studies (Bänziger, Pirker, & Scherer, 2006).…”

Section: Methodological Concernsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Identification of Unfolding Facial Expressions

2012

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We asked whether the identification of emotional facial expressions (FEs) involves the simultaneous perception of the facial configuration or the detection of emotion-specific diagnostic cues. We recorded at high speed (500 frames s−1) the unfolding of the FE in five actors, each expressing six emotions (anger, surprise, happiness, disgust, fear, sadness). Recordings were coded every 10 frames (20 ms of real time) with the Facial Action Coding System (FACS, Ekman et al 2002, Salt Lake City, UT: Research Nexus eBook) to identify the facial actions contributing to each expression, and their intensity changes over time. Recordings were shown in slow motion (1/20 of recording speed) to one hundred observers in a forced-choice identification task. Participants were asked to identify the emotion during the presentation as soon as they felt confident to do so. Responses were recorded along with the associated response times (RTs). The RT probability density functions for both correct and incorrect responses were correlated with the facial activity during the presentation. There were systematic correlations between facial activities, response probabilities, and RT peaks, and significant differences in RT distributions for correct and incorrect answers. The results show that a reliable response is possible long before the full FE configuration is reached. This suggests that identification is reached by integrating in time individual diagnostic facial actions, and does not require perceiving the full apex configuration.

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Components and recognition of facial expression in the communication of emotion by actors.

Cited by 138 publications

References 23 publications

Symmetrical interaction of sex and expression in face classification tasks

Symmetrical interaction of sex and expression in face classification tasks

Reliable facial muscle activation enhances recognizability and credibility of emotional expression.

The Identification of Unfolding Facial Expressions

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