Component versioning for protocol configuration management

Characterization of drug-loaded nanoparticles

“…X-ray diffraction (XRD) is used to characterize crystallinity, crystal and molecular structure variations, non-crystalline periodicity and size, nanoformulation orientation (crystalline/amorphous), polymorphisms, and phase transitions [113,114]. XRD is a non-destructive technique that can examine the state of encapsulated drug [115].…”

“…Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) can be used to quantify and investigate the following: solid and amorphous phases of nanomaterial and payload, percent crystallinity of the sample, polymorphic transitions, drug loading efficacy, conformational changes, self-assembly behavior, and stability [118,119]. Thermograms are typically recorded at a scanning rate of 5-10 °C min -1 from 25-250 °C under nitrogen flow (30 mL min -1 ) [113,[120][121][122]. DSC analysis should usually be performed for each component of the drug delivery system [113,118,[120][121][122][123].…”

“…Thermograms are typically recorded at a scanning rate of 5-10 °C min -1 from 25-250 °C under nitrogen flow (30 mL min -1 ) [113,[120][121][122]. DSC analysis should usually be performed for each component of the drug delivery system [113,118,[120][121][122][123]. The disappearance of the melting peak of the loaded drug or bioactive agent indicates its encapsulation into the nanoparticles [113,122].…”

“…DSC analysis should usually be performed for each component of the drug delivery system [113,118,[120][121][122][123]. The disappearance of the melting peak of the loaded drug or bioactive agent indicates its encapsulation into the nanoparticles [113,122]. The presence of a drug's peak on the thermogram may indicate the physical adsorption of the drug on the nanoparticle's surface [118].…”

“…The presence of a drug's peak on the thermogram may indicate the physical adsorption of the drug on the nanoparticle's surface [118]. Decoration of a nanoparticle's surface via brushing, grafting, coating and covalent coupling of specific ligands can be confirmed and characterized by this technique as well [113,118,120,121]. The stability of drug-loaded nanoformulations can be verified by comparing thermograms obtained immediately after its fabrication to thermograms after long-term storage [96].…”