“…Such equipment is ideally suited for fast intelligence gathering in the field (Kalnicky & Singhvi, 2001;Lam et al, 2018), and this equipment has its most valuable application in emergency scenarios, where rapid identification of often unknown contaminants is required (Galuszka et al, 2015;Hook, Kimm, Hall, & Smith, 2002;Kaljurand, 2014;Mulligan et al, 2006;Valcárcel & Cárdenas, 2005). Without field-portable equipment, emergency response is highly reliant on the site investigator's capabilities and their visual interpretation of the scene (Spikmans, 2015). Field-portable equipment is therefore deployed to provide intelligence that can shape and inform emergency response activities (Ashley, 2003;Kaljurand, 2014;Kalnicky & Singhvi, 2001;Kloosterman et al, 2015;Marguí, Hidalgo, Queralt, Van Meel, & Fontàs, 2012;Turl & Wood, 2008;Valcárcel & Cárdenas, 2005).…”