Complexity and uncertainty in the assessment of the Viareggio LPG railway accident

Manca, Davide; Brambilla, Sara

doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2010.07.007

Cited by 24 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…A brief summary of the case is given in the following, in order to provide the relevant data adopted in the comparison carried out in the present study. A deeper analysis of the accident can be found elsewhere (Brambilla and Manca, 2010;Landucci et al, 2017Landucci et al, , 2011Manca and Brambilla, 2010 shunts of the station. The derailment caused a long trapezoidal breach, about 420 mm long and from to 20 mm high, on the first wagon shell.…”

Section: The Viareggio Casementioning

confidence: 99%

HazMat transportation safety assessment: Analysis of a “Viareggio-like” incident in the Netherlands

Ovidi

Vlies

Kuipers

et al. 2020

Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries

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Relevant safety issues are associated with hazardous materials transportation, especially when transport routes cross populated areas. On March 6th, 2015, a passenger train collided with the last rail car of a freight train in Tilburg, the Netherlands. The last car contained 50 t of liquefied 1,3butadiene. As a result of the collision, the last car showed deformation; a small leakage occurred but fortunately with no relevant consequences. However, extremely severe consequences could have happened, such as in the rail accident that occurred in Viareggio, Italy in 2009. In this work, the case of Tilburg was firstly outlined and explored by qualitative methods, in order to identify possible realistic final scenarios that could have happened. Second, the potential consequences of the identified scenarios were estimated through conventional integral model for physical effects evaluation. Comparison with the Viareggio case was also shown in order to support the discussion of the results obtained. Finally, lessons learned after the incident, policy making considerations, and indications for the risk mitigation of hazardous materials transportation are given.

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Section: The Viareggio Casementioning

confidence: 99%

HazMat transportation safety assessment: Analysis of a “Viareggio-like” incident in the Netherlands

Ovidi

Vlies

Kuipers

et al. 2020

Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries

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“…The literature reports different synthetic routes for its preparation [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 ]. The most widely used industrial synthesis includes more than twenty steps characterized by protection with p -nitrobenzyl ( p NB) and p -nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl ( p NZ) on the carbapenem scaffold.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Batch to the Semi-Continuous Flow Hydrogenation of pNB, pNZ-Protected Meropenem

et al. 2023

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Meropenem is currently the most common carbapenem in clinical applications. Industrially, the final synthetic step is characterized by a heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation in batch mode with hydrogen and Pd/C. The required high-quality standard is very difficult to meet and specific conditions are required to remove both protecting groups [i.e., p-nitrobenzyl (pNB) and p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl (pNZ)] simultaneously. The three-phase gas–liquid–solid system makes this step difficult and unsafe. The introduction of new technologies for small-molecule synthesis in recent years has opened up new landscapes in process chemistry. In this context, we have investigated meropenem hydrogenolysis using microwave (MW)-assisted flow chemistry for use as a new technology with industrial prospects. The reaction parameters (catalyst amount, T, P, residence time, flow rate) in the move from the batch process to semi-continuous flow were investigated under mild conditions to determine their influence on the reaction rate. The optimization of the residence time (840 s) and the number of cycles (4) allowed us to develop a novel protocol that halves the reaction time compared to batch production (14 min vs. 30 min) while maintaining the same product quality. The increase in productivity using this semi-continuous flow technique compensates for the slightly lower yield (70% vs. 74%) obtained in batch mode.

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“…If the leaked gas is flammable and explosive, it will lead to fire and explosions. If it is a toxic material, it will cause poisoning and suffocation 3,4 . According to relevant statistics, accidents caused by the leakage of hazardous gas between 2013 and 2018 increased at an average rate of 1.9% in China 5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If it is a toxic material, it will cause poisoning and suffocation. 3,4 According to relevant statistics, accidents caused by the leakage of hazardous gas between 2013 and 2018 increased at an average rate of 1.9% in China. 5 A total of 5513 hazardous gas leakage accidents occurred between 2013 and 2019, resulting in 5592 injuries and 2560 deaths.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and numerical research on the characteristics of heavy gas leakage and diffusion

Shi

Wang

Nie

et al. 2022

Process Safety Progress

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Once a hazardous gas leaks, it will pose a serious threat to the safety of people's lives and property. This paper aims to investigate the flow characteristics of heavy gas leakage and diffusion to deal with sudden accidents caused by hazardous gas leakage.First, an experimental platform for the leakage and diffusion of heavy gas is built, and the tracer technique is adopted to visualize the experimental phenomena during the process of gas leakage and diffusion. Second, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is built based on the experimental platform to simulate and analyze the gas leakage and diffusion process. The CFD model is verified by comparing the numerical results with those of experiments using an authoritative evaluation standard procedure. The comparison shows that the related statistical performance measures are all reasonable. Third, a three-dimensional numerical model of a real tank farm is created in full scale and the heavy gas (liquefied petroleum gas) leakage process is simulated and analyzed considering also the effect of wind. Experimental and numerical resultsshow that the heavy gas leakage and diffusion process can be divided into three stages: gas concentration rising stage, gravity sedimentation stage, and gas passive diffusion stage, in which different flow phenomena are observed with different flow characteristics for each of the stages. The phenomena observed in experiment are further analyzed and clarified using fluid dynamics by numerical simulation. The fullscale modeling and simulation of the real tank farm is helpful for taking possible measures once a gas leakage occurs.

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Complexity and uncertainty in the assessment of the Viareggio LPG railway accident

Cited by 24 publications

References 23 publications

HazMat transportation safety assessment: Analysis of a “Viareggio-like” incident in the Netherlands

HazMat transportation safety assessment: Analysis of a “Viareggio-like” incident in the Netherlands

From Batch to the Semi-Continuous Flow Hydrogenation of pNB, pNZ-Protected Meropenem

Experimental and numerical research on the characteristics of heavy gas leakage and diffusion

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