Complex Permittivity Measurements of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composites Using a Free-Space Reflection Method with a Focused Beam Lens Horn Antenna

Abstract

To measure the electromagnetic properties of steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) in the X-band, 1-port measurements were performed using a lens horn antenna in a free-space measurement system. Free-space 1-port calibration with translations of the position of the reflector regarding the characteristics of the focused beam lens horn antenna was applied. The intrinsic impedance and complex permittivity of the SFRC were obtained from the measured reflection characteristics. The steel fiber content increased and the electromagnetic properties of the SFRC gradually changed from a dielectric to a conductor, even in very low frequencies compared to the plasma frequencies of general metal, which are optical frequencies. This is considered to be the plasmon effect of the metallic structure formed by the steel fiber. This result is applicable for analyses of the electromagnetic phenomenon of large structures with fiber content.

A Quantitative Analysis of Compromising Emanation from HDMI and Possibility of Information Reconstruction

“…After frame-averaging, the S f r between the two remains, and the PCE of the opposite side, the coherency of which is not established, is eliminated by summation with N AW GN and division by K. Accordingly, the SNR variation as a function of the number of averaged frames (K) is expressed in (22).…”

“…Furthermore, an SNR-and SSIM-based analysis can be applied to counter the effects of poor electromagnetic propagation environments such as concrete or wooden walls existing in the line of sight between the target device under test (DUT) and antenna aperture. It can determine the duration of acquisition required to achieve a given SNR, provided that the electromagnetic characteristics are modeled, and the path loss of the obstacles is estimated [21], [22]. In this section, we describe the methodology for generating the PCE.…”

A Quantitative Analysis of Compromising Emanation From TMDS Interface and Possibility of Sensitive Information Leakage

“…Furthermore, an SNR-and SSIM-based analysis can be applied to counter the effects of poor electromagnetic propagation environments such as concrete or wooden walls existing in the line of sight between the target device under test (DUT) and antenna aperture. It can determine the duration of acquisition required to achieve a given SNR, provided that the electromagnetic characteristics are modeled, and the path loss of the obstacles is estimated [22], [23].…”

Probe with a metallic bowl termination to determine the electric material parameters from variable thicknesses

“…The material intrinsic parameters are the central column mapping the material's ability to react under the excitation of an electromagnetic wave. Thereby, the probe (in transmission or reflection) [7,10,11], free-space (antenna or ellipsometry) [12][13][14], cavity [15][16][17][18], parallel plates capacitor (MIM) [19][20][21], inductive (spiral approach) [22,23], and transmission line (stub, short-circuit, waveguide, etc) [24][25][26]. All these methods are based on the perturbation [27][28][29] of the electromagnetic field lines in the insertion environment of the sample to be characterized.…”