Complete second-order dissipative fluid dynamics

Abstract

We present the results of deriving the Israel-Stewart equations of relativistic dissipative fluid dynamics from kinetic theory via Grad's 14-moment expansion. Working consistently to second order in the Knudsen number, these equations contain several new terms which are absent in previous treatments.

Systematic study of exact solutions in second-order conformal hydrodynamics

“…Since the work of Israel and Stewart [30], there has been a longstanding controversy regarding the precise structure of these equations in relativistic systems [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Here we employ the result of Denicol et al [23] and generalize it to curved spacetimes taking into account the constraints from conformal symmetry [18,19].…”

“…The precise complete formulation of second-order hydrodynamics is still under active debate, but it typically contains O(10) new terms and transport coefficients, making it a daunting task to obtain any analytical insights. This seems a bit frustrating in view of the recent progress in the foundation of second-order relativistic hydrodynamics [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24], and all the more so because the experimental data from heavy-ion collisions have shown indications of non-ideal fluid behavior and, thus, viscous hydrodynamics simulations are increasingly becoming a standard tool to analyze the data [25].…”

Quark polarization in a viscous quark-gluon plasma

“…If there is no phase transition, it is expected that β 2 for Fermion and Boson gases have only minor modification from β 2 for Boltzmann gas at high temperature [36][37][38][39][40]. Taking temperature T ∼ 350 MeV, the relaxation time is around τ π ∼ 0.27−1.35 fm if using η/s = 1/(4π)−5/(4π), where s is the entropy density, for free gluon gas it is…”

Dissipative hydrodynamics coupled to chiral fields

“…This hydrodynamic formalism goes beyond the well-known Israel-Stewart theory [55][56][57] in that it includes all secondorder terms in velocity gradients that can appear in the stress-energy tensor of a conformal fluid (see, e.g., Ref. [58]). This hydromodel was applied to model the expansion of the QGP in Refs.…”