Complete Genome Sequences of Mycoplasma leachii Strain PG50
            <sup>T</sup>
            and the Pathogenic Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony Biotype Strain Gladysdale

Wise, Kim S.; Calcutt, Michael J.; Foecking, Mark F.; Madupu, Ramana; DeBoy, Robert T.; Röske, Kerstin; Hvinden, Miranda L.; Martin, Tara R.; Durkin, A. Scott; Glass, John I.; Methé, Barbara A.

doi:10.1128/jb.00761-12

Cited by 26 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The genomes of the 2 currently sequenced Mmm strains, namely PG1 T (accession number NC_005364.2) [5] and Gladysdale (accession number CP002107.1) [6], were used.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…None of the usual virulence determinants described for other bacteria, such as toxins, invasins or cytolysins, has been identified in the currently sequenced Mmm genomes [5], [6]. However, several mechanisms have been proposed to account for Mmm pathogenicity such as adherence to the host tissues, immune evasion, persistence, dissemination, inflammation and cytotoxicity [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of Free Exopolysaccharides Secreted by Mycoplasma mycoides Subsp. mycoides

et al. 2013

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Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia is a severe respiratory disease of cattle that is caused by a bacterium of the Mycoplasma genus, namely Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm). In the absence of classical virulence determinants, the pathogenicity of Mmm is thought to rely on intrinsic metabolic functions and specific components of the outer cell surface. One of these latter, the capsular polysaccharide galactan has been notably demonstrated to play a role in Mmm persistence and dissemination. The free exopolysaccharides (EPS), also produced by Mmm and shown to circulate in the blood stream of infected cattle, have received little attention so far. Indeed, their characterization has been hindered by the presence of polysaccharide contaminants in the complex mycoplasma culture medium. In this study, we developed a method to produce large quantities of EPS by transfer of mycoplasma cells from their complex broth to a chemically defined medium and subsequent purification. NMR analyses revealed that the purified, free EPS had an identical β(1−>6)-galactofuranosyl structure to that of capsular galactan. We then analyzed intraclonal Mmm variants that produce opaque/translucent colonies on agar. First, we demonstrated that colony opacity was related to the production of a capsule, as observed by electron microscopy. We then compared the EPS extracts and showed that the non-capsulated, translucent colony variants produced higher amounts of free EPS than the capsulated, opaque colony variants. This phenotypic variation was associated with an antigenic variation of a specific glucose phosphotransferase permease. Finally, we conducted in silico analyses of candidate polysaccharide biosynthetic pathways in order to decipher the potential link between glucose phosphotransferase permease activity and attachment/release of galactan. The co-existence of variants producing alternative forms of galactan (capsular versus free extracellular galactan) and associated with an antigenic switch constitutes a finely tuned mechanism that may be involved in virulence.

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“…The genomes of the 2 currently sequenced Mmm strains, namely PG1 T (accession number NC_005364.2) [5] and Gladysdale (accession number CP002107.1) [6], were used.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Free Exopolysaccharides Secreted by Mycoplasma mycoides Subsp. mycoides

et al. 2013

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“…These comprised four plant glycolytic parasite species ( Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris [53], Candidatus Phytoplasma austrailense [54], Candidatus Phytoplasma mali [55], Candidatus Phytoplasma solani [56], Candidatus Phytoplasma strawberry [57]), five animal glycolytic parasite species ( Mycoplasma conjunctivae [58], Mycoplasma genitalium [59], Mycoplasma haemocanis [60], Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae [61], Mycoplasma parvum [62]) and seven parasite species known to obtain energy from catabolism of amino acids or amino sugars ( Mycoplasma arthritidis [63], Mycoplasma capricolum [PRJNA16208], Mycoplasma fermentans [64], Mycoplasma hominis [23], Mycoplasma penetrans [65], Mycoplasma putrefaciens [66], Mycoplasma synoviae [67]). A further four parasite species were used for testing the predictive capacity of the model for synonymous codon use ( Mycoplasma crocodyli [68], Mycoplasma hyorhinis [69], Mycoplasma leachii [70], Mycoplasma mycoides [70]).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary nitrogen alters codon bias and genome composition in parasitic microorganisms

Seward

Kelly

2016

Genome Biol

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BackgroundGenomes are composed of long strings of nucleotide monomers (A, C, G and T) that are either scavenged from the organism’s environment or built from metabolic precursors. The biosynthesis of each nucleotide differs in atomic requirements with different nucleotides requiring different quantities of nitrogen atoms. However, the impact of the relative availability of dietary nitrogen on genome composition and codon bias is poorly understood.ResultsHere we show that differential nitrogen availability, due to differences in environment and dietary inputs, is a major determinant of genome nucleotide composition and synonymous codon use in both bacterial and eukaryotic microorganisms. Specifically, low nitrogen availability species use nucleotides that require fewer nitrogen atoms to encode the same genes compared to high nitrogen availability species. Furthermore, we provide a novel selection-mutation framework for the evaluation of the impact of metabolism on gene sequence evolution and show that it is possible to predict the metabolic inputs of related organisms from an analysis of the raw nucleotide sequence of their genes.ConclusionsTaken together, these results reveal a previously hidden relationship between cellular metabolism and genome evolution and provide new insight into how genome sequence evolution can be influenced by adaptation to different diets and environments.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-016-1087-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…mycoides PG1 (Accession number BX293980) (Westberg et al, 2004) and Gladysdale (Accession number CP002107) (Wise et al, 2012). A reverse-vaccinology pipeline was assembled and applied for M. mycoides antigen prediction and the approach is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Identification Of MMM Protein Antigens At Vido-inter-vacmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other vaccines developed using reverse vaccinology to identify protective antigens include vaccines against Groups A and B Streptococcus (GAS and GBS respectively), Streptococcus pneumoniae and pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli (Altindis et al, 2015;Moriel et al, 2010;Rodriguez-Ortega et al, 2006). Thus, we embarked on a comprehensive analysis of the available Mmm genome sequences of strains PG1 (Westberg et al, 2004) and Gladysdale (Wise et al, 2012) to identify possible vaccine targets using reverse vaccinology approaches. We identified 66 potential vaccine targets selected by their in silico predicted presence on the cell surface of the bacterium, their probability of being adhesins and their immunogenicity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of immune responses to recombinant proteins from strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides, the causative agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia

Perez-Casal¹,

Prysliak²,

Maina³

et al. 2015

Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology

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Complete Genome Sequences of Mycoplasma leachii Strain PG50 ^T and the Pathogenic Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony Biotype Strain Gladysdale

Cited by 26 publications

References 11 publications

Characterization of Free Exopolysaccharides Secreted by Mycoplasma mycoides Subsp. mycoides

Characterization of Free Exopolysaccharides Secreted by Mycoplasma mycoides Subsp. mycoides

Dietary nitrogen alters codon bias and genome composition in parasitic microorganisms

Analysis of immune responses to recombinant proteins from strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides, the causative agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia

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Complete Genome Sequences of Mycoplasma leachii Strain PG50 T and the Pathogenic Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony Biotype Strain Gladysdale

Cited by 26 publications

References 11 publications

Characterization of Free Exopolysaccharides Secreted by Mycoplasma mycoides Subsp. mycoides

Characterization of Free Exopolysaccharides Secreted by Mycoplasma mycoides Subsp. mycoides

Dietary nitrogen alters codon bias and genome composition in parasitic microorganisms

Analysis of immune responses to recombinant proteins from strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides, the causative agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia

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Product

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Complete Genome Sequences of Mycoplasma leachii Strain PG50 ^T and the Pathogenic Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony Biotype Strain Gladysdale