Complete Genome Sequence of
            <i>Treponema pallidum</i>
            , the Syphilis Spirochete

Fraser, Claire M.; Norris, Steven J.; Weinstock, George M.; White, Owen; Sutton, Granger; Dodson, Robert J.; Gwinn, Michelle L.; Hickey, Erin K.; Clayton, Rebecca A.; Ketchum, Karen A.; Sodergren, Erica; Hardham, John M.; McLeod, Michael P.; Salzberg, Steven L.; Peterson, Jeremy; Khalak, Hanif; Richardson, D.; Howell, Jerrilyn K.; Chidambaram, Monjula; Utterback, Teresa; McDonald, Lisa; Artiach, Patricia; Bowman, Cheryl; Cotton, Matthew; Fujii, Claire; Garland, Stacey; Hatch, Bonnie; Horst, Kurt; Roberts, Kevin; Sandusky, Mina; Weidman, Janice M.; Smith, Hamilton O.; Venter, J. Craig

doi:10.1126/science.281.5375.375

Cited by 990 publications

(1,059 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…Moreover, it has been shown that Dv superoxide reductase can be the final electron acceptor of a NADPH/NADPH oxidoreductase/rubredoxin electron transfer chain in vitro [20,21]. In Tp, analysis of the full genome shows the presence of homologues for the additional constituents of a primitive SOR-dependent oxygen detoxification pathway, including NADH oxidase, rubredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, thioredoxin, and the C subunit of an alkyl hydroperoxide reductase [3], then having all the activities required for the complete reduction of superoxide. Testing this scheme of dioxygen detoxification will require a multidisciplinary approach but, ultimately, comparative functional analysis of these pathways in vivo and in vitro may reveal a relationship between Tp oxidative stress response and syphilis pathogenesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, analysis of the full genome indicates that Tp lacks the classic antioxidant defense enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase or peroxidases [3]. It was only recently reported that Tp presents an alternative way to survive upon transient exposure to oxygen and a reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the environment, by expressing the gene for a superoxide reductase (TP0823) [4,5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Overexpression and purification of Treponema pallidum rubredoxin; kinetic evidence for a superoxide-mediated electron transfer with the superoxide reductase neelaredoxin

et al. 2004

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Superoxide reductases are a class of non-haem iron enzymes which catalyse the monovalent reduction of the superoxide anion O : 2 into hydrogen peroxide and water. Treponema pallidum (Tp), the syphilis spirochete, expresses the gene for a superoxide reductase called neelaredoxin, having the iron protein rubredoxin as the putative electron donor necessary to complete the catalytic cycle. In this work, we present the first cloning, overexpression in Escherichia coli and purification of the Tp rubredoxin. Spectroscopic characterization of this 6 kDa protein allowed us to calculate the molar absorption coefficient of the 490 nm feature of ferric iron, e=6.9±0.4 mM À1 cm À1 . Moreover, the midpoint potential of Tp rubredoxin, determined using a glassy carbon electrode, was À76±5 mV. Reduced rubredoxin can be efficiently reoxidized upon addition of Na 2 IrCl 6 -oxidized neelaredoxin, in agreement with a direct electron transfer between the two proteins, with a stoichiometry of the electron transfer reaction of one molecule of oxidized rubredoxin per one molecule of neelaredoxin. In addition, in presence of a steady-state concentration of superoxide anion, the physiological substrate of neelaredoxin, reoxidation of rubredoxin was also observed in presence of catalytic amounts of superoxide reductase, and the rate of rubredoxin reoxidation was shown to be proportional to the concentration of neelaredoxin, in agreement with a bimolecular reaction, with a calculated k app =180 min À1 . Interestingly, similar experiments performed with a rubredoxin from the sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfovibrio vulgaris resulted in a much lower value of k app =4.5 min À1 . Altogether, these results demonstrated the existence for a superoxide-mediated electron transfer between rubredoxin and neelaredoxin and confirmed the physiological character of this electron transfer reaction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overexpression and purification of Treponema pallidum rubredoxin; kinetic evidence for a superoxide-mediated electron transfer with the superoxide reductase neelaredoxin

et al. 2004

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“…Very few protein homologies between Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi were discovered by revelation of the primary sequence of their genomic DNA (Fraser et al, 1997(Fraser et al, , 1998. However, FtsZ, the homologue of tubulin involved in prokaryotic cell division, appears to be universal in eubacteria and archaebacteria (Erickson and Stoffler, 1997).…”

Section: Motility Proteins and The Search For Bacterial Homologuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motility proteins and the origin of the nucleus

et al. 2002

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Hypotheses on the origin of eukaryotic cells must account for the origin of the microtubular cytoskeletal structures (including the mitotic spindle, undulipodium/cilium (so-called flagellum) and other structures underlain by the 9(2)ϩ2 microtubular axoneme) in addition to the membrane-bounded nucleus. Whereas bacteria with membrane-bounded nucleoids have been described, no precedent for mitotic, cytoskeletal, or axonemal microtubular structures are known in prokaryotes. Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that the cells of the earliest-branching lineages of eukaryotes contain the karyomastigont cytoskeletal system. These protist cells divide via an extranuclear spindle and a persistent nuclear membrane. We suggest that this association between the centriole/kinetosome axoneme (undulipodium) and the nucleus existed from the earliest stage of eukaryotic cell evolution. We interpret the karyomastigont to be a legacy of the symbiosis between thermoacidophilic archaebacteria and motile eubacteria from which the first eukaryote evolved. Mutually inconsistent hypotheses for the origin of the nucleus are reviewed and sequenced proteins of cell motility are discussed because of their potential value in resolving this problem. A correlation of fossil evidence with modern cell and microbiological studies leads us to the karyomastigont theory of the origin of the nucleus. Anat Rec 268: 290 -301, 2002.

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“…Although the underlying genetic traits contributing to the differences in disease have not been identified, the release of three Borrelia genome sequences (one from each 21 species) should aid in this endeavor [5,[11][12][13]. These genomes have several common features, including a linear chromosome and a large number of smaller DNA molecules (plasmids), some of which are linear and others circular [14][15][16][17].…”

Section: Genome and Molecular Genetics Of B Burgdorferimentioning

confidence: 99%

Biology of Infection with Borrelia burgdorferi

Tilly

Rosa

Stewart

2008

Infectious Disease Clinics of North America

177

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The spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi is a tick-borne obligate parasite whose normal reservoir is a variety of small mammals [1]. Whereas infection of these natural hosts does not lead to disease, infection of humans can result in Lyme disease, as a consequence of the human immunopathological response to B. burgdorferi [2,3]. Consistent with the pathogenesis of Lyme disease, bacterial products that allow B. burgdorferi to replicate and survive, rather than true "virulence factors," appear to be primarily what is required for the bacterium to cause disease in a susceptible host. In support of this idea, the genome sequence of B31, the type strain of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto [4,5], revealed that the bacterium lacks factors common to many bacterial pathogens, such as lipopolysaccharide, toxins, and specialized secretion systems. In this chapter, we will describe the basic biology of B. burgdorferi, and some of the bacterial components required to infect and survive in the mammalian and tick hosts.

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Complete Genome Sequence of Treponema pallidum , the Syphilis Spirochete

Cited by 990 publications

References 75 publications

Overexpression and purification of Treponema pallidum rubredoxin; kinetic evidence for a superoxide-mediated electron transfer with the superoxide reductase neelaredoxin

Overexpression and purification of Treponema pallidum rubredoxin; kinetic evidence for a superoxide-mediated electron transfer with the superoxide reductase neelaredoxin

Motility proteins and the origin of the nucleus

Biology of Infection with Borrelia burgdorferi

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