Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Reassortant H11N2 Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from a Live Poultry Market in Eastern China

Abstract

A/chicken/Nanjing/908/2009(H11N2) (CK908) was isolated from a live poultry market in Nanjing, China. Using PCR and sequencing analysis, we obtained the complete genome sequences of the CK908 virus. The sequence analysis demonstrated that this H11N2 virus was a novel reassortant AIV whose PB1, PB2, PA, HA, NP, NA, M, and NS genes originated from H9N2, H7N7, H5N2, H11N8, H3N6, H6N2, H1N1, and H5N1, respectively. Knowledge regarding the complete genome sequences of the CK908 virus will be useful for epidemiological surveillance. Avian influenza virus (AIV) originates from birds, particularly wild waterfowl, and has been demonstrated to have 16 hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 neuraminidase (NA) subtypes (1, 3). In the early 1970s, live poultry markets (LPM) were considered to be a prolific source of AIVs (5). H11N2 subtype avian influenza virus can infect wild birds (1), turkey, and gull (3). In addition, serum surveillance demonstrated that Lebanese backyard poultry growers, who were frequently exposed to chicken, may have been infected with H11 avian influenza virus (4). This result indicated that H11 influenza virus may possess the ability to cross the species barrier to infect humans. Thus, it is important to enhance surveillance for H11 AIVs.In this study, A/chicken/Nanjing/908/2009(H11N2) (CK908) was isolated from LPM in Nanjing, China. The PCR was performed using universal primers for influenza A virus (2). The amplification products were directly sequenced, and the SEQMAN program (DNASTAR, Madison, WI) was used to analyze the sequences.The genome of the CK908 virus consisted of 8 segments of single-stranded RNA and was 13,623 nucleotides in length. The polymerase genes PB1 and PB2 each consisted of 2,341 nucleotides; the polymerase acidic (PA) gene consisted of 2,233 nucleotides; the HA gene, 1,760 nucleotides; the nucleoprotein (NP) gene, 1,565 nucleotides; the NA gene, 1,466 nucleotides; the matrix (M) gene, 1,027 nucleotides; and the nonstructural (NS) gene, 890 nucleotides.Sequence analysis revealed that the nucleotide sequences of the HA gene of the CK908 virus were most closely related to that of the H11N8 isolate A/mallard/Netherlands/17/2007(H11N8) and shared 98% nucleotide homology. The NA fragment was most closely related to H6N2 isolate A/mallard/Jiangxi/8264/2004 (H6N2) and shared 98% nucleotide homology with it. The nucleotide sequences of PB1 and PB2 genes were most closely related to those of the H9N2 isolate A/avian/Egypt/920431/2006(H9N2) and the H7N7 isolate A/shoveler/Italy/2698-3/2006(H7N7), with which they shared 97% and 98% nucleotide homology, respectively. The nucleotide sequences of the PA gene were most closely related to that of the H5N2 isolate A/wild bird/Korea/A81/ 2009(H5N2) and shared 99% nucleotide homology with it. The nucleotide sequences of the NP and M genes were most closely related to those of the H3N6 isolate A/red crested pochard/ Mongolia/1915Mongolia/ /2006 and H1N1 isolate A/duck/Eastern China/103/2003(H1N1), with which they shared 98% and 95% nucleotide homology, respect...

Avian H11 influenza virus isolated from domestic poultry in a Colombian live animal market

“…Although the H11 subtype has been found globally in wild birds, 13,16,44 few studies have identified H11 viruses from domestic poultry. 10,18,19 During active surveillance in a LAM in Colombia, we isolated H11 viruses from two separate birds. Phylogenic and sequence analysis of all gene segments showed their similarity to wild bird viruses of North American origin, similar to other H11 viruses obtained in Central and South America to date.…”

“…No changes associated with antiviral resistance were found. 42,43 Colombian H11N2 transmits in chickens Given that H11 infection in poultry is uncommon, 10,18,19 we evaluated the pathogenicity and transmissibility of a panel of related H11 viruses in chickens. The Colombian H11N2 viruses are virtually identical; thus, only A/Helmeted guineafowl/Colombia/2/2015 (HGF/Colombia) was used.…”

“…H11 viruses are distributed worldwide 10,[13][14][15] primarily in wild ducks and shorebirds 16,17 but rarely are found in domestic poultry. 9,10,[18][19][20] Given this unique occurrence and the fact that H11 have been reported to cause human infections 21,22 we characterized the viruses in vitro and in vivo. The Colombian H11 viruses displayed no molecular markers associated with increased virulence in birds or mammals and had an α2,3-sialic acid binding preference.…”

Detection of reassortant avian influenza A (H11N9) virus in wild birds in China

“…H11 subtype influenza viruses usually exist in birds belonging to the order Galliformes and include nine NA combinations. The N2, N3, and N9 subtype recombinants are capable of infecting ducks and have widely circulated in live poultry markets in China (Chen et al., ; Lam et al., ); however, these subtypes can also infect humans who are in frequent contact with infected birds (Gill, Webby, Gilchrist, & Gray, ; Zhang et al., ). Although H11 viruses have not been directly isolated from humans and have been observed to infect humans only through serological evidence, these viruses have shown combined two‐receptor specificity, that is, avian and mammalian (Gambaryan et al., ), which suggests that this subtype has the potential to cross the species barrier, infect mammals (Gambaryan et al., ), and threaten human health.…”

“…H11 subtype influenza viruses usually exist in birds belonging to the order Galliformes and include nine NA combinations. The N2, N3, and N9 subtype recombinants are capable of infecting ducks and have widely circulated in live poultry markets in China (Chen et al, 2012;Lam et al, 2013); however, these subtypes can also infect humans who are in frequent contact with infected birds (Gill, Webby, Gilchrist, & Gray, 2006;Zhang et al, 2012). Although H11 viruses have not been directly isolated from humans and have been *These authors are co-corresponding authors.…”