“…SDP creates a virtual boundary through software and only allows access to authorized users and machines, effectively providing a "cloak of invisibility" for infrastructure and resources to prevent network attacks Moubayed et al 2019). The SDP framework consists of five security control layers: Single Packet Authentication (SPA), Mutual Transport Layer Security (mTLS), Device Validation (DV), Dynamic Firewall (DF), and Application Binding (AppB) (Singh et al 2020;Refaey et al 2019), which together provide mutual device authentication and confidential communication, validate user authenticity, ensure only authorized devices can access network resources, establish encrypted tunnels to secure service access, and defend against various network-based attacks (Palmo et al 2021), such as Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, manin-the-middle (MITM) attacks, tampering attacks, and sniffing attacks.…”