Complementarity in false memory illusions.

Abstract

For some years, the DRM illusion has been the most widely studied form of false memory. The consensus theoretical interpretation is that the illusion is a reality reversal, in which certain new words (critical distractors) are remembered as though they are old list words rather than as what they are-new words that are similar to old ones. This reality-reversal interpretation is supported by compelling lines of evidence, but prior experiments are limited by the fact that their memory tests only asked whether test items were old. We removed that limitation by also asking whether test items were new-similar. This more comprehensive methodology revealed that list words and critical distractors are remembered quite differently. Memory for list words is compensatory: They are remembered as old at high rates and remembered as new-similar at very low rates. In contrast, memory for critical distractors is complementary: They are remembered as both old and new-similar at high rates, which means that the DRM procedure induces a complementarity illusion rather than a reality reversal. The conjoint recognition model explains complementarity as a function of three retrieval processes (semantic familiarity, target recollection, and context recollection), and it predicts that complementarity can be driven up or down by varying the mix of those processes. Our experiments generated data on that prediction and introduced a convenient statistic, the complementarity ratio, which measures (a) the level of complementarity in memory performance and (b) whether its direction is reality-consistent or reality-reversed. (PsycINFO Database Record

Developmental reversals in false memory: Development is complementary, not compensatory.

“…However, the answer for adults is known. Recently, we reported a series of experiments in which complementarity was studied with both the between- and within-subject procedures (Brainerd & Reyna, 2018). The basic phenomenon was detected with both procedures, and indeed, the observed levels of complementarity were similar.…”

The Trajectory of Targets and Critical Lures in the Deese/Roediger–McDermott Paradigm: A Systematic Review

“…Non-corrected critical lure recognition does not account for response bias; it simply examines overall critical lure recognition. Bias-corrected scores are commonly reported when participants complete recognition tests (e.g., Brainerd and Reyna, 2018 ).…”

“…In another experiment, Brainerd and Reyna (2018) had participants learn, with examples, that the test would include old words, new words that were semantically related to the old words (new similar), and new words that were semantically unrelated to the old words. These examples would essentially serve the same purpose as a warning, because participants were informed that words similar to old words would be on the test, but they were in fact new words.…”

“…There is also some evidence that the memory process is different for recognizing targets and recognizing critical lures. Brainerd and Reyna (2018) argued that when participants have the option to respond new-similar to critical lures, the findings indicate that new-similar and old words are remembered in different ways. When judging items as old or new semantically related words, participants were much more likely to correctly judge old words as old, but they judged new semantically related words as old and new semantically related at approximately equal rates.…”

Análise do produto memoryn life da life natural

“…É possível melhorar o funcionamento do córtex, através de uma alimentação saudável, boas noites de sono, técnicas mentais como por exemplo exercícios de relaxamento, associação de fatos a imagens, leituras em voz alta, anotar fatos que julgar importantes, anotar ideias entre outras (Brainerd, 2018;Phelps, 2019).…”