Complement, immunoglobulin and creatine kinase response in black and white males after muscle-damaging exercise

Abstract

Racial disparities have been demonstrated in athletic performance 1 and in the predisposition towards specific diseases.2 Immune/inflammatory pathways may be important in the pattern and/or progression of disease. 3,4 Research has demonstrated differences in the level of circulating immune/inflammatory markers as well as genotypic differences which may help to explain disease predisposition in specific racial groups. 3,4 In contrast, there is limited information relating to immune/inflammatory responses to exercise between racial groups. Such information is particularly relevant -strenuous exercise has been shown to alter immune/inflammatory responses predisposing athletes to infection and possibly injury, 5 which would ultimately impact on training and performance.Eccentric and/or strenuous unaccustomed exercise has been shown to elicit changes in skeletal muscle morphology.6 These changes are typically accompanied by increases in circulating creatine kinase (CK), local muscle swelling and soreness as well as alterations in circulating inflammatory markers such as leucocytes and cytokines. 7-9 Based on these observations, researchers have utilised exercise, particularly eccentrically biased exercise, to induce muscle damage and investigate immune/inflammatory sequelae.The key components of innate and adaptive immunity are the complement system and immunoglobulins, respectively. The complement system is composed of a number of proteins that are intricately involved in a variety of immune-related functions. Complement has been described as an important role player in cellular activation, chemotaxis, inflammation and clearance of immune complexes. [10][11][12] Immunoglobulins are crucial components of humoral immunity, having pathogen neutralisation and orIgInal research arTIcle complement, immunoglobulin and creatine kinase response in black and white males after muscle-damaging exercise abstract objectives. To determine the effect of eccentrically biased exercise and ethnic group on circulating levels of complement, immunoglobulin creatine kinase. Seven black and 8 white males (18 -22 years), active but untrained, participated in the study. Subjects performed a 60-minute downhill run on a treadmill (gradient -13.5%) at a speed eliciting 75% of their VO2 peak on a level grade. Venipunctures were performed before, immediately after and then at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours afterwards. Plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity, serum complement (C3, C4) and immunoglobulin (total IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA) concentrations were compared using a repeated measures ANOVA.results. There was an interaction (p=0.0055) and ethnic group effect (p<0.0001) for CK activity with consistently higher levels in the black group. CK increased over time after the run, peaking at 12 h for both groups. C3, C4, total IgG, IgG1, IgG3, and IgA were significantly higher (ethnic group effect, p<0.001), and IgG2 significantly lower (ethnic group effect, p<0.001) in the black group. Significantly higher resting concentrations of total IgG...

The impact of a pre-loaded multi-ingredient performance supplement on muscle soreness and performance following downhill running

“…Our findings of elevated muscle damage markers (CK and LDH) following eccentrically-based exercise support previous research [ 3 , 27 - 29 ]. Although large variability exists in the response of these muscle proteins to eccentric exercise [ 30 - 32 ], the concurrent elevations in subsequent pain experienced (DOMS ratings) by participants suggest the two are closely linked.…”

“…EIMD promotes an unbalanced ratio of protein breakdown to protein synthesis and is associated with increased muscle soreness, decrements in strength, and impaired muscle function for several days post-exercise [ 5 ]. Muscle damage induced by strenuous or unaccustomed downhill running (DHR) initiates biochemical and skeletal muscle morphology changes indicated by localized edema, increased circulating inflammatory markers (cytokines and leukocytes), and increases in indirect markers of muscle damage (creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)) [ 3 , 6 ].…”

Habitual physical activity is associated with circulating irisin in healthy controls but not in subjects with diabetes mellitus type 2

“…Each subject's habitual physical activity was assessed based on a standardized questionnaire using FIT (frequency intensity time) index [30][31][32][33]. This index requires that points are allocated depending on the frequency, intensity and time spent performing physical activity per week.…”

“…The product of these three components (frequency, intensity and time) indicates the level of habitual physical activity. Thus, FIT index was calculated as follows: FIT index = (points for frequency)*(points for intensity)*(points for time) [30][31][32][33].…”