Competitive sustained exercise in humans, lymphokine activated killer cell activity, and glutamine ? an intervention study

Rohde, Thomas D.; Asp, Sven; MacLean, D. A.; Pedersen, Bente Klarlund

doi:10.1007/s004210050444

Cited by 51 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 32 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…It has been postulated that restoring glutamine levels after prolonged exercise to physiological levels may help the immune system to resist infections. Although oral provision of glutamine, or branched chain amino acids as a glutamine precursor, abolishes the post-exercise plasma glutamine decrease, it has no consistent effect on lymphocyte or neutrophil counts (Rohde et al, 1998;Walsh et al, 2000;Peters et al, 2001a;Krzywkowski et al, 2001a), salivary IgA (Krzywkowski et al, 2001b), oxidative burst activity (Walsh et al, 2000), NKCA (Rohde et al, 1998;Walsh et al, 2000) or plasma IL-6 (Castell et al, 1997;Hiscock et al, 2003) after exercise. Although it was suggested that glutamine could enhance Th1-type immune response in swimmers submitted to 4 weeks of intensive training, there was no significant difference in glutamine levels between athletes who developed URT infection and those who did not (Mackinnon and Hooper, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Five studies (Nieman et al, 1997b, c;Rohde et al, 1998;Henson et al, 1999;Krzywkowski et al, 2001a) assessed NKCA, expressing it in lytic units or adjusting for NK cell counts. NKCA was affected by the intervention in one study (Henson et al, 1999), where triathletes consumed a 6% CHO beverage.…”

Section: Nutrition and Exercise-induced Immunodepressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From the seven trials (Nehlsen-Cannarella et al, 1997; Henson et al, 1998Henson et al, , 1999Rohde et al, 1998;Koch et al, 2001;Krzywkowski et al, 2001a) that assessed the lymphocyte proliferative response, only one (Koch et al, 2001) found a less depressed proliferative response when CHO was used. None of the interventions had any effect on salivary IgA in the five trials in which IgA was one of the outcomes (Mero, 1997;Bishop et al, 1999;Krzywkowski et al, 2001b;Nieman et al, 2003;Palmer et al, 2003).…”

Section: Nutrition and Exercise-induced Immunodepressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Nutritional modulation of exercise-induced immunodepression in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Heavy exercise induces marked immunodepression that is multifactorial in origin. Nutrition can modulate normal immune function. Objective: To assess the efficacy of nutritional supplements in exercise-induced immunodepression in athletes. Design: Systematic review. Review methods: Randomised and/or controlled trials of athletes undertaking nutritional supplements to minimise the immunodepression after exercise were retrieved. The primary outcome measure was incidence of upper respiratory tract (URT) illness symptoms after exercise, and secondary outcomes included cortisol, cell counts, plasma cytokine concentration, cell proliferative response, oxidative burst, natural killer cell activity and immunoglobulins. When data were available for a pooled estimate of the effect of intervention, meta-analyses were conducted for direct comparisons. Results: Forty-five studies were included (1603 subjects). The studies were heterogeneous in terms of exercise interventions, selection of athletes, settings and outcomes. The overall methodological quality of most of the trials was poor. Twenty studies addressed carbohydrate supplementation, eight glutamine, 13 vitamin C and four others interventions. Three trials assessed the effect of intervention on prevention of URT infections. The pooled rate ratio for URT infections after vitamin C supplementation against placebo was 0.49 (0.34-0.71). Carbohydrate supplementation attenuated the increase in cortisol and neutrophils after exercise; vitamin C attenuated the decrease in lymphocytes after exercise. No other interventions had significant or consistent effect on any of the studied outcomes. Conclusions: Although the prevention of URT infections by vitamin C was supported by two trials, further studies are needed. The available evidence failed to support a role for other nutritional supplements in preventing exercise-induced immune suppression. Larger trials with clinically relevant and uniform end points are necessary to clarify the role of these nutritional interventions.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nutrition and Exercise-induced Immunodepressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nutrition and Exercise-induced Immunodepressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Nutritional modulation of exercise-induced immunodepression in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Rohde et al 68,69) showed glutamine supplementation suppressed the decreases in plasma glutamine levels after cycle ergometer exercise and a marathon run, but the activity of lymphokine-activated killer cells was similar between the glutamine supplementation and placebo groups. These results do not support the hypothesis that decreased plasma glutamine levels contribute, in part, to impaired immune function after exercise.…”

Section: Taurinementioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise-induced changes in amino acid levels in skeletal muscle and plasma

Ishikura¹,

Ra²,

Ohmori³

2013

JPFSM

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

During exercise, amino acid oxidation and protein breakdown are enhanced while protein synthesis is suppressed, even though protein does not constitute a quantitatively important energy source. In response to exercise-induced stimulation, various changes in free amino acids occur in skeletal muscle to meet physiological demands. Plasma amino acids are also under the influence of various types of stress, including exercise stress. For example, acute exercise increases alanine and glutamine levels, but decreases glutamate levels in skeletal muscle. At the same time, it increases tryptophan and taurine levels, but decreases glutamine levels in plasma. Prolonged exercise decreases glutamine and glutamate levels, while increasing tyrosine and phenylalanine levels in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, when prolonged exercise-induced changes in amino acid levels are compared between trained and untrained individuals, glutamate and taurine levels in skeletal muscle and phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, and tyrosine levels in plasma are higher in trained individuals. This review provides an overview of changes in amino acid levels in skeletal muscle and plasma, with a focus on changes induced by exercise.

show abstract

“…Glutamine supplementation had no effect on a number of cellular parameters, except for a small reduction in exercise-induced neutrocytosis. Rohde et al (1998aRohde et al ( , 1998b in two placebocontrolled intervention studies (16 runners and 8 cyclists, respectively) found no effect of glutamine supplementation on a number of lymphocyte subpopulations and functional parameters. Walsh et al (2000) studied seven well-trained men who performed exercise in what appears to have been a placebo-controlled, crossover study.…”

Section: Immune Health (Id 733)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to glutamine and immune health (ID 733) and integrity of the intestinal lining and normal intestinal permeability (ID 1602) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006

Products¹

2009

EFSA Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies was asked to provide a scientific opinion on a list of health claims pursuant to Article 13 of Regulation 1924Regulation /2006. This opinion addresses the scientific substantiation of health claims in relation to glutamine and the following claimed effects: "immune health" and integrity of the intestinal lining and normal intestinal permeability. The scientific substantiation is based on the information provided by the Member States in the consolidated list of Article 13 health claims and references that EFSA has received from Member States or directly from stakeholders.The food constituent that is the subject of the health claims is glutamine (as L-glutamine). The Panel considers that glutamine (as L-glutamine), is sufficiently characterised. Immune healthThe claimed effect is not sufficiently defined and in the context of the proposed wording it refers to "support of the immune system" and "contribution to the immune function/response to exercises", which are also not sufficiently defined.In weighing the evidence, the Panel took into account that the claimed effects are general and do not refer to any specific health claim as required by Regulation (EC) No 1924No /2006; that the only intervention study on glutamine in relation to a clinical immune-related outcome, which indicated an effect of glutamine supplementation on reduced occurrence of infections post-exercise, had several methodological weaknesses i.e. self-reported infections and lack of clarity regarding completeness of reporting; that other intervention studies showed no or minor effects on laboratory parameters only, and that the cross-sectional data provides only limited evidence for a causal role of glutamine on the outcomes measured On the basis of the data available, the Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of L-glutamine and the claimed effects. Integrity of the intestinal lining and normal intestinal permeabilityThe claimed effect "intestinal health" is not sufficiently defined but in the context of the proposed wording, the Panel assumes that the claimed effect refers to the aspects of: "promoting/maintaining integrity of the intestinal lining, preventing (increased) intestinal permeability". The Panel considers that maintaining integrity of the intestinal lining and normal intestinal permeability is beneficial to human health.In weighing the evidence the Panel took into account that the rat and the in vitro studies provide limited evidence to support the claimed effect in humans, and that the results of two studies in patient populations cannot be extrapolated to the general population.On the basis of the data available, the Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of L-glutamine and maintaining integrity of the intestinal lining and normal intestinal permeability.

show abstract

Competitive sustained exercise in humans, lymphokine activated killer cell activity, and glutamine ? an intervention study

Cited by 51 publications

References 32 publications

Nutritional modulation of exercise-induced immunodepression in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Nutritional modulation of exercise-induced immunodepression in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Exercise-induced changes in amino acid levels in skeletal muscle and plasma

Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to glutamine and immune health (ID 733) and integrity of the intestinal lining and normal intestinal permeability (ID 1602) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About