Competence of Rivers To Transport Coarse Bedload Material

Baker, Victor R.; Ritter, Dale F.

doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1975)86<975:corttc>2.0.co;2

Cited by 147 publications

(78 citation statements)

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“…In spite of the apparent downward gradient, subsurface hyporheic zone water continues to flow upward into the stream. This is also the "Bernoulli lift" that contributes to particle entrainment in, for example, Baker and Ritter [20].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Surface Water Velocity on Hyporheic Interchange

Sickbert¹,

Peterson

2014

JWARP

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When evaluating hyporheic exchange in a flowing stream, it is inappropriate to directly compare stream stage with subsurface hydraulic head (h) to determine direction and magnitude of the gradient between the stream and the subsurface. In the case of moving water, it is invalid to ignore velocity and to assume that stage equals the net downward pressure on the streambed. The Bernoulli equation describes the distribution of energy within flowing fluids and implies that net pressure decreases as a function of velocity, i.e., the Venturi Effect, which sufficiently reduces the pressure on the streambed to create the appearance of a downward gradient when in fact the gradient may be upward with stream flow drawing water from the subsurface to the surface. A field study correlating the difference between subsurface head and stream stage in a low-gradient stream indicates that the effect is present and significant: shallow subsurface head increases less quickly than stage while deeper subsurface head increases more quickly. These results can substantially improve conceptual models and simulations of hyporheic flow.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Surface Water Velocity on Hyporheic Interchange

Sickbert¹,

Peterson

2014

JWARP

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“…A number of investigators have assumed the critical dimensionless shear stress values of 0.06 for computations of bedload transport using Shield's (1936) criteria (Baker, 1974;Baker and Ritter, 1975;Church, 1978;Bradley and Mears, 1980;Simons and Senturk, 1977;Simons and Li, 1982). In addition, critical dimensionless shear stress, values computed from data compiled by Fahnestock (1963), Ritter (1967), and Church (1978 for the entrainment of gravels and cobbles from a natural river-bed, as reported by Andrews (1983) showed a range of approximately 0.02 to 0.25.…”

Section: Critical Shear Stress Estimatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A classification of natural rivers

Rosgen¹

1994

CATENA

1,373

1,135

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A classification system for natural rivers is presented in which a morphological arrangement of stream characteristics is organized into relatively homogeneous stream types. This paper describes morphologically similar stream reaches that are divided into 7 major stream type categories that differ in entrenchment, gradient, width/depth ratio, and sinuosity in various landforms. Within each major category are six additional types delineated by dominate channel materials from bedrock to silt/clay along a continuum of gradient ranges. Recent stream type data used to further define classification interrelationships were derived from 450 rivers throughout the U.S, Canada, and New Zealand. Data used in the development of this classification involved a great diversity of hydro-physiographic/geomorphic provinces from small to large rivers and in catchments from headwater streams in the mountains to the coastal plains. A stream hierarchical inventory system is presented which utilizes the stream classification system. Examples for use of this stream classification system for engineering, fish habitat enhancement, restoration and water resource management applications are presented. Specific examples of these applications include hydraulic geometry relations, sediment supply/availability, fish habitat structure evaluation, flow resistance, critical shear stress estimates, shear stress/velocity relations, streambank erodibility potential, management interpretations, sequences of morphological evolution, and river restoration principles. General statement -It has long been a goal of individuals working with rivers to define and understand the processes that influence the pattern and character of river systems. The differences in river systems, as well as their similarities under diverse settings, pose a real challenge for study. One axiom associated with rivers is that what initially appears complex is even more so upon further investigation. Underlying these complexities is an assortment of interrelated variables that determines the dimension, pattern, and profile of the present-day river. The resulting physical appearance and character of the river is a product of adjustment of its boundaries to the current streamflow and sediment regime. River form and fluvial process evolved simultaneously and operate through mutual adjustments toward self-stabilization. Obviously, a classification scheme risks oversimplification of a very complex system. While this may appear presumptuous, the effort to categorize river systems by channel morphology is justified in order to achieve, to some extent, the following objectives:1. Predict a river's behavior from its appearance; 2. Develop specific hydraulic and sediment relations for a given morphological channel type and state; 3. Provide 'a mechanism to extrapolate site-specific data collected on a given stream reach to those of similar character; 4. Provide a consistent and reproducible frame of reference of communication for those working with river systems in a variety of profe...

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“…Although quantitative studies of bedload transport in larger sizes have been made (for example, refs. 7-9), emphasis was on general conditions, competence, or identification of incipient motion (10). Transport rates in the cobble and boulder sizes have not been reported and are nearly impossible to measure directly because of technical reasons. It is therefore of interest to obtain estimates of the transport rates of large-size bedload by indirect methods.…”

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confidence: 99%

Bedload transport associated with high stream power, Jordan River, Israel

Inbar

Schick

1979

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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During a flood of a magnitude that recurs once in 100 years, boulders up to 1700 mm in size were transported in the Jordan and Meshushim Rivers, northern Israel. Bedload discharge rates were estimated for periods of 3-72 hr of peak flow by a combination of hydrologic and geomorphic methods. Bedload transport rate is proportional to unit stream power in excess of that necessary for initial motion, raised to the power 3/2, as has been shown for data on other rivers.

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Competence of Rivers To Transport Coarse Bedload Material

Cited by 147 publications

References 0 publications

The Effects of Surface Water Velocity on Hyporheic Interchange

The Effects of Surface Water Velocity on Hyporheic Interchange

A classification of natural rivers

Bedload transport associated with high stream power, Jordan River, Israel

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