The Effects of Surface Water Velocity on Hyporheic Interchange

Sickbert, Timothy; Peterson, Eric W.

doi:10.4236/jwarp.2014.64035

Cited by 13 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…While the magnitude varied, the hydraulic gradient indicated that groundwater flowed towards LKC, which was consistent with previous studies reporting LKC as a gaining stream [25,[55][56][57][58]. Evidence of the upwelling of groundwater was observed in several instances while collecting water samples.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Regardless of whether a stream is gaining or losing water, downwelling into the streambed has been reported [77] and the mixing model quantified the mixing that has occurred (Figure 3d). Stream velocity and gradient influence the rate of downwelling [44,58,77]. At baseflow, when the stream stage is lower and the stream velocity is slower, downwelling stream water will compete against upwelling groundwater.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The interface between the stream and the streambed occurs along the contact separating the Cahokia Alluvium and the Henry Formation; the gravels of the Henry Formation serve as the streambed [51,55]. A strong hydraulic connection between the stream and the underlying outwash aquifer has been documented [46,[55][56][57][58]. Increases and decreases in the stream stage produced corresponding changes in the water level observed in wells within 50 m of the stream [55].…”

Section: Site Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The water table in the area is located 1.5 to 2 m below the ground surface, and the regional hydraulic gradient is from the north to the south. Near LKC, the hydraulic gradient is toward the stream, with groundwater discharging into the stream [25,[55][56][57][58]. Despite the observed upwelling of groundwater to LKC, a bromide tracer tests confirmed the downwelling of stream water to depths of 150 cm [59].…”

Section: Site Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transport and Fate of Nitrate in the Streambed of a Low-Gradient Stream

Peterson

Hayden

2018

Hydrology

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The transport and fate of nitrate (NO 3 − ) to in the top 15 cm of a streambed has been well-documented, but an understanding of greater depths is limited. This work examines the transport and fate of nitrate (NO 3 − ) at depths of 30 cm, 60 cm, 90 cm, and 150 cm below the stream-streambed interface. Concentrations of nitrate as nitrogen (NO 3 -N) and chloride (Cl − ) were measured in the waters from the streambed, the stream water, and the groundwater. Mixing models predicted values of ∆NO 3 -N, the difference between measured NO 3 -N and theoretical NO 3 -N. At a 30-cm depth, the mean ∆NO 3 -N value was −0.25 mg/L, indicating a deficit of NO 3 -N and the removal of NO 3 -N from the system. At deeper levels, the values of ∆NO 3 -N began to approach zero, reaching a mean value of −0.07 mg/L at 150 cm. The reduction of NO 3 -N does not appear to be controlled by vegetation, as it was not correlated to either temperature or visible light. Larger negative ∆NO 3 -N values (more removal) occur when stream NO 3 -N concentrations are higher and organic matter is present.Hydrology 2018, 5, 55 2 of 17 Spatial variability in the distribution and composition of microbial communities, the concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO), the concentration of organic matter (OM), and the concentration and species of nitrogen within the streambed control the rate of N removal [35,[39][40][41][42][43]. Longer residence time of the waters in the streambed correlate to enhanced reduction of NO 3 -N concentrations [44]. Seasonal variation of NO 3 -N concentrations in midwestern streams has been observed [45,46]; the variations are attributed to precipitation, fertilizer application, rate of stream water discharge, and the concentration of dissolved organic carbon in pore water within the streambed [3,4,6]. Concentrations of NO 3 -N tend to be higher during early spring following the application of fertilizers and when more frequent and higher magnitude precipitation events increase runoff. Nitrate concentrations are typically lowest during summer, when there is a limited source of NO 3 -N and there is increased uptake from growing plants [38,45]. The rate of denitrification, which is lowest during the winter months (November to March) and highest in early spring and summer (April to July), influences the seasonal variation of NO 3 -N concentrations in streams [4,47]. Moreover, the decrease in winter denitrification rates is attributed to a decrease in temperature and in microbial activity. Elevated denitrification rates during spring and summer are correlated to increased NO 3 -N entering the system and to increased amounts of decaying foliage entering the stream, providing OM for the denitrifying microbes.Nitrate removal in stream ecosystems is thought to occur disproportionately in zones with long residence times that facilitate the contact of reactive solutes with high biotic capacity for biogeochemical processing [42,48]. Despite studies indicating that significant microbial processes occur up to several meters below the streambed, the...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Site Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Site Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transport and Fate of Nitrate in the Streambed of a Low-Gradient Stream

Peterson

Hayden

2018

Hydrology

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“…The Hyporheic Zone DOI: http://dx.doi.org /10.5772/intechopen.85218 potentially giving rise to a local reversal in the hydraulic gradient and influx of deeper groundwater [58], despite the higher river stage. Understanding exchanges of this type is particularly important in the characterisation of the hyporheic zone for the management of flood risk.…”

Section: Hydrological Characterisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Hyporheic Zone

Banks¹,

Palumbo-Roe²,

Russell³

2019

Hydrology - The Science of Water

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This chapter introduces the key concepts of the hyporheic zone. It considers the research context in terms of the Water Framework Directive and the breadth of literature associated with the hyporheic zone. The interplay between hydrological, chemical and biological processes is explained, and a range of different approaches to field sampling and monitoring are described. A framework for considering the factors contributing to the conceptualisation of the hyporheic zone is presented, with an emphasis on the importance of understanding streambed sediments and their architecture to assess hydraulic functioning and modelling of the hyporheic zone. The hyporheic zone in karst catchments is also given specific consideration.Returning to the theme of linked hydrological, biological and chemical processes, the results of two case studies demonstrate the value of integrating hydrological measurements with geochemistry in order to elucidate hyporheic zone functioning.

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Heat tracing to examine seasonal groundwater flow beneath a low-gradient stream in rural central Illinois, USA

Bastola

Peterson

2015

Hydrogeol J

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The Effects of Surface Water Velocity on Hyporheic Interchange

Cited by 13 publications

References 17 publications

Transport and Fate of Nitrate in the Streambed of a Low-Gradient Stream

Transport and Fate of Nitrate in the Streambed of a Low-Gradient Stream

The Hyporheic Zone

Heat tracing to examine seasonal groundwater flow beneath a low-gradient stream in rural central Illinois, USA

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