Comparisons of waist circumferences measured at 4 sites

Wang, Jack; Thornton, John C.; Bari, Salina; Williamson, Bennett; Gallagher, Dympna; Heymsfield, Steven B.; Horlick, Mary; Kotler, Donald P.; Laferrère, Blandine; Mayer, Laurel; Pi‐Sunyer, F. Xavier; Pierson, Richard N.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/77.2.379

Cited by 467 publications

(455 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The latter aspect is also complicated by the heterogenity of anatomical measurement sites (e.g. midpoint between the lowest rib and the iliac crest, as suggested by the WHO, or immediately above the iliac crest, as recommended by NIH guidelines and NHANES III) (see Wang et al 41 for review).…”

Section: Value Of Fm Vs Anthropometric Obesity Indices For Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Value of body fat mass vs anthropometric obesity indices in the assessment of metabolic risk factors

et al. 2005

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Objective: To compare the value of body fat mass (%FM) to indirect measures of general (body mass index (BMI)) and central adiposity (waist circumference (WC); waist-to-height ratio (WC/ht)) for the prediction of overweight-and obesity-related metabolic risk in a study population with a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MSX). Methods: BMI, WC, WC/ht, body composition (by air-displacement plethysmography) and metabolic risk factors: triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), uric acid, systolic blood pressure (BPsys), insulin resistance by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured in 335 adults (191 women, 144 men; mean age 53 713.9 years, prevalence of MSX 30%). Results: When compared with BMI and WC, %FM showed weaker associations with metabolic risk factors, except for CRP and BPsys in men. In women, HDL-C and HOMA-IR showed the closest correlations with BMI. For all other risk factors, WC or WC/ht were the best predictors in both sexes. Differences in the strength of correlations between an obesity index and different risk factors exceeded the differences observed between all obesity indices within one risk factor. In stepwise multiple regression analyses, WC/ht was the main predictor of metabolic risk in both sexes combined. However, analysis of the area under receiver operating characteristic curves for prediction of the prevalence of X2 component traits of the MSX revealed a similar accuracy of all obesity indices. Conclusions: At the population level, measurement of body FM has no advantage over BMI and WC in the prediction of obesityrelated metabolic risk. Although measures of central adiposity (WC, WC/ht) tended to show closer associations with risk factors than measures of general adiposity, the differences were small and depended on the type of risk factor and sex, suggesting an equivalent value of methods.

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Section: Value Of Fm Vs Anthropometric Obesity Indices For Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Value of body fat mass vs anthropometric obesity indices in the assessment of metabolic risk factors

et al. 2005

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“…61 Exact location of the measuring tape continues to be debated. A recent study 62 of 111 able-bodied males and females 7-83 years determined that waist circumference values measured at four sites (immediately below the lowest rib, at the narrowest waist, midpoint between the lowest rib and the iliac crest and immediately above the iliac crest) had equally high reproducibility and were almost equally associated with total body fat and trunk fat in each sex. The authors noted that of the 14 anatomical locations commonly reported in the literature, the narrowest waist is the most frequently recommended.…”

Section: Body Mass Index (Bmi) As a Marker Of Obesity In Chronic Scimentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of body mass index and waist circumference as markers of obesity and coronary heart disease risk in persons with chronic spinal cord injury

2005

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Study design: Literature review. Background: Increased fat mass and coronary heart disease (CHD) are secondary complications of chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). In able-bodied populations, body mass index (BMI, body weight (kg)/height (m 2 )) is a widely used surrogate marker of obesity and predictor of CHD risk. Waist circumference, an accurate and reproducible surrogate measure of abdominal visceral adipose tissue, is also associated with CHD risk (more so than BMI) in able-bodied populations. Objective: To review the literature on the accuracy of BMI and waist circumference as surrogate measures of obesity and CHD risk in persons with chronic SCI. Setting: Ontario, Canada. Methods: Literature review. Results: In the SCI population, BMI is an insensitive marker of obesity, explains less of the variance in measured percent fat mass than in the able-bodied, and is inconsistently related to CHD risk factors. This may be due to potential measurement error, and to the inability of BMI to distinguish between fat and fat-free mass and to measure body fat distribution. Waist circumference has not been validated as a surrogate measure of visceral adipose tissue, however preliminary evidence supports a relationship between waist circumference and CHD risk in the SCI population. Conclusions: We recommend that SCI-specific BMI classifications be determined. We also recommend that accuracy and reliability of waist circumference as a surrogate measure of visceral adipose tissue and CHD risk be determined in men and women with long-standing paraplegia and tetraplegia. Body mass index (BMI) as a marker of obesity in chronic SCIObesity is defined as an excess accumulation of fat mass. Able-bodied men and women p40 years are considered obese when fat mass exceeds 22-25 and 35% of body weight, respectively. 1,2 As individuals age, fat mass accrues at the expense of fat-free mass, so that at older ages percentage fat mass is higher, even in individuals who do not gain weight. 3 Thus, obesity in 41-60-yearold able-bodied men and women can be defined as a fat mass 425 and 438% of body weight, respectively. 2 Mean percent fat mass (measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), isotope dilution or the threecompartment model) reported in cross-sectional studies of persons (mostly men) with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) ranges from 23 to 35%. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] The percentage of body weight as fat mass is 8-18% higher in SCI versus age-, height-and/or weight-matched able-bodied control subjects. These values are often consistent with the above definitions of obesity, and are summarized in Table 1. Accurate classification of an individual as normal weight, overweight or obese requires measurement of body composition. However, measuring fat mass can be difficult and expensive, and no accurate method is easily available for routine clinical use. Therefore, the body mass index (BMI) is widely used. Expressed as weight (kg) divided by height (m 2 ), BMI allows classification of able-bodied adults as underweight, normal we...

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“…Several indexes enable to identify overall obesity (or excessive weight), such as body mass index (BMI), which is the most used one for being easy to obtain and apply, and also due to its good correlation with body fat measurements 6 . For abdominal obesity, isolated waist circumference (WC) values are often used in epidemiological studies 7 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical activity, adiposity and hypertension among patients of public healthcare system

Turi

Codogno

Fernandes

et al. 2014

Rev. bras. epidemiol.

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ABSTRACT:Introduction: Hypertension is a chronic disease that requires special attention in identifying comorbidities or risk factors including inactivity and obesity. Considering that a large proportion of the Brazilian population is hypertensive, obese, and sedentary, the relationship among these variables in the context of the public health system is unclear. Objective: To assess the association among physical activity, markers of adiposity, and hypertension in adult users of the public healthcare system in the city of Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: The study was conducted in five Basic Health Units in Bauru, São Paulo, and consisted of 963 patients. Data were collected from habitual physical activity and previous (childhood and adolescence), education, purchasing power and anthropometric markers of overall and abdominal obesity. Results: The incidence of hypertension was 76.8%. Significant associations were found among sedentarism, presence of total and abdominal obesity, with the higher incidence of hypertension. It was also observed that the magnitude of association between hypertension and adiposity increased with decreased involvement in physical activity. Conclusion: Further investigations are needed to analyze the occurrence of overweight and obesity in people suffering from chronic diseases in order to prevent future complications.

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Comparisons of waist circumferences measured at 4 sites

Cited by 467 publications

References 24 publications

Value of body fat mass vs anthropometric obesity indices in the assessment of metabolic risk factors

Value of body fat mass vs anthropometric obesity indices in the assessment of metabolic risk factors

A review of body mass index and waist circumference as markers of obesity and coronary heart disease risk in persons with chronic spinal cord injury

Physical activity, adiposity and hypertension among patients of public healthcare system

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