Comparisons of the chondroitin sulphate levels in orthodontically moved canines and the clinical outcomes between two different force magnitudes

Abstract

The aims of this study were to compare the chondroitin sulphate (CS) levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of moved canines using either 70 or 120 g of orthodontic force, and to compare the rate of tooth movement and the amount of pain between these two force magnitudes. Sixteen patients (6 males and 10 females; aged 16.91 ± 2.99 years), with class I malocclusion, who required orthodontic treatment with first premolar extractions, were recruited. The force magnitudes used to move the maxillary canines distally were controlled at 70 and 120 g on the right and the left sides, respectively. GCF samples were collected with Periopaper(®) strips before and during orthodontic tooth movement. Competitive ELISA with monoclonal antibody was used to measure the CS levels. The distance of tooth movement and the amount of pain assessed by visual analog scale (VAS) scores were evaluated. The medians of CS levels during the loaded period were significantly greater than those during the unloaded period (P < 0.05). The differences between the medians of CS levels of 70 g and 120 g retraction force during each 1 week period were not significant. There was no significant difference in the rates of canine movement between these two force magnitudes. However, using 120 g, the medians of VAS scores were significantly greater than those with 70 g (P < 0.05). Collectively, 70 g retraction force appears to be sufficient and more suitable than 120 g force as it causes no difference in biochemically-assessed bone remodelling activity, the same rate of tooth movement, reduced pain and better comfort.

Biochemical and Clinical Assessments of Segmental Maxillary Posterior Tooth Intrusion

“…The reasons the right mandibular first molars were used as negative control teeth were that mandibular arch was not bonded during experimental period and that it justified easy access and repetition. During the unloaded periods, CS levels around the experimental teeth were relatively low, whereas during the loaded periods, the CS levels were elevated and showed a cyclical pattern similar to that reported in our previous study [8]. The raised CS level showed alveolar bone remodeling activities during maxillary posterior tooth intrusion.…”

“…Our research protocol was designed to monitor CS levels in an experimental period of eight weeks in accordance with our previous study [8]. However, measuring the rate of segmental posterior tooth intrusion was extended to the twelfth weeks in order to show a clearer picture of tooth intrusion due to the slow nature of orthodontic tooth movement.…”

“…Intachai et al [7] monitored changes in CS around immobile miniscrew implants, during the unloaded and loaded periods, and concluded that CS could be detected and might be used as biomarkers for assessing alveolar bone remodeling around miniscrew implants during orthodontic loading. Furthermore, our previous study [8, 9] reported increases in CS levels in GCF around orthodontically moved canines. Consequently, alveolar bone remodeling resulting from orthodontic force would be expected to raise the CS levels found in GCF.…”

Metformin as an add‐on to insulin improves periodontal response during orthodontic tooth movement in type 1 diabetic rats

“…38 Tooth displacement relies on the force magnitude, direction, teeth, and the patient. 39 In the normoglycemic group, the three OTM phases 40,41 were produced with no dangerous effects on the periodontium. Thus, the force used was not heavy or excessive.…”

“…Periodontal tissue remodeling depends on forces that have to go beyond the threshold that overcomes the intrinsic resistance of the PDL . This will produce cellular responses in the PDL and bone leading to tissue remodeling .…”