Comparisons of Extracellular Vesicles from Human Epidural Fat-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Fibroblast Cells

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are generated and secreted by cells into the circulatory system. Stem cell-derived EVs have a therapeutic effect similar to that of stem cells and are considered an alternative method for cell therapy. Accordingly, research on the characteristics of EVs is emerging. EVs were isolated from human epidural fat-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and human fibroblast culture media by ultracentrifugation. The characterization of EVs involved the typical evaluation of cluster of differentiation (CD antigens) marker expression by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, size analysis with dynamic laser scattering, and morphology analysis with transmission electron microscopy. Lastly, the secreted levels of cytokines and chemokines in EVs were determined by a cytokine assay. The isolated EVs had a typical size of approximately 30–200 nm, and the surface proteins CD9 and CD81 were expressed on human epidural fat MSCs and human fibroblast cells. The secreted levels of cytokines and chemokines were compared between human epidural fat MSC-derived EVs and human fibroblast-derived EVs. Human epidural fat MSC-derived EVs showed anti-inflammatory effects and promoted macrophage polarization. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that human epidural fat MSC-derived EVs exhibit inflammatory suppressive potency relative to human fibroblast-derived EVs, which may be useful for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases.

Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicle from Mesenchymal Stem Cells of the Epidural Fat of the Spine

“…However, several difficulties have been observed in conducting basic studies with EF-MSCs. To date, EVs have been considered as novel source materials for regenerative studies and clinical relevance [3,[7][8][9]29]. EVs exhibit several advantages for such research, and one of their advantages over MSCs is that they do not consume their donor tissues or cells.…”

Extracellular Vesicle Derived From Mesenchymal Stem Cells Have Bidirectional Effects on the Development of Lung Cancer

“…Some experiments suggest that MSC-EVs can improve inflammatory diseases by modulating immune function ( 21 ). MSC-EVs can inhibit T and B lymphocyte proliferation and induce Treg cell population, and reduce TNF-α expression and increase IL-10 expression by affecting the maturation of macrophages ( 22 ). A study showed, MSC-EV-miR-146a plays an anti-inflammatory role by reducing the mRNA and protein levels of TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), inhibiting the phosphorylation of NF-κ B p65 and I κ B α, reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory factors, and increasing the level of IL-10 ( 23 ).…”

Proteomic profiling of extracellular vesicles derived from human serum for the discovery of biomarkers in Avascular necrosis

“…Various studies have shown that EVs harbor specific proteins whose quantities increase in patients with breast cancer, which suggests that they could be potential biomarkers for breast cancer [21,22]. Extracellular vesicles range from 40 to 200 nm in size, are characterized by phospholipid bilayers, and are ubiquitous in nearly all body fluids, including the cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, breast milk, and blood [23,24]. The vesicles are released by diverse cell types through the fusion of the plasma membrane with multivesicular bodies and play a crucial role in regulating cell-to-cell communication [25].…”