Comparisons of control action thresholds for Heliothis armigera, Bemisia tabaci and Aphis gossypii on cotton in the Sudan Gezira and Rahad regions

Stam, P. A.; Abdelrahman, A.A.; Munir, Badar

doi:10.1016/0261-2194(94)90102-3

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In October in all the fields, the densities of red eye nymphs and adult B tabaci by far exceeded the economic injury levels for B tabaci in cotton, ie 6.8–18.8 nymphs per leaf disk and 5.9–15.2 adults per leaf 25. 26 The levels of infestation reached 35 adults per leaf in six fields out of ten and mean numbers of 5.5–27.4 adults were trapped per sticky yellow card after 5 min of exposure. Mean densities of 4.5–27.5 red eye nymphs were recorded per leaf disk (Table 3).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Susceptibility of field populations of adult Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and Eretmocerus sp (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) to cotton insecticides in Burkina Faso (West Africa)

Otoidobiga

Vincent

Stewart

2002

Pest Management Science

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Research was conducted in 14 cotton fields (3-10 ha) selected in seven localities (two fields per locality) in Burkina Faso, with the objectives of: (1) estimating Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) population abundance, (2) assessing the levels of parasitism by Encarsia spp and Eretmocerus spp (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and (3) estimating the susceptibilities of the pest and of an Eretmocerus sp to the insecticides currently sprayed on cotton. Yellow sticky cards and a leaf-turning technique were used to estimate adult B. tabaci population densities. Yellow sticky cards were also used to estimate the densities of adult Eretmocerus sp and the susceptibilities of B. tabaci to insecticides. Leaf disk techniques were used to estimate B. tabaci red eye nymph populations and parasitism by Encarsia spp and Eretmoceus spp was evaluated using stereo-microscopy. A leaf cage technique was used to estimate the susceptibilities of Eretmocerus sp to insecticides. A mean of 6.5-27.4 adult B. tabaci were trapped per yellow sticky card and 5.5 to > 34.9 were counted per leaf using the leaf turning technique. There were 0.14-13 Eretmocerus sp trapped per yellow sticky card. The levels of parasitism varied between 36 and 87% by the end of the season and parasitism by Eretmocerus sp predominated in most of the fields. The susceptibilities of B. tabaci and Eretmocerus sp varied from field to field and with the insecticide tested.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Susceptibility of field populations of adult Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and Eretmocerus sp (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) to cotton insecticides in Burkina Faso (West Africa)

Otoidobiga

Vincent

Stewart

2002

Pest Management Science

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“…This increasing pest pressure resulted in more frequent and higher dose applications of organochlorine insecticides. In the 1970s, pest problems aggravated by insecticide resistance, pest resurgence, and the appearance of several secondary pests, such as B. tabaci and cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), triggered more applications with a wider spectrum of insecticides, including DDT, endrin, and dimethoate (Eveleens 1983, Stam et al 1994, Castle 1999, Bashir et al 2003. Contractual "package deal" agreements were made between cotton growers and agrochemical companies to ensure the control of H. armigera, whereby the agrochemical companies were responsible for all pest control operations and guaranteed a minimum yield to farmers.…”

Section: Crisis and Disastermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although farmer training and education were central to reach this achievement, another key success factor was the launch of innovative insurance schemes for early IPM adopters, thus compensating farmers for pest-induced yield loss. This insurance reduced farmers' uncertainty and associated risk-aversive behavior, and enabled uptake of IPM packages that involved improved water management, insectresistant varieties, and biological control (Stam et al 1994, Bashir et al 2003. (Eveleens 1983, Bashir et al 2003.…”

Section: Escape and Reorganizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although pest problems emerged with the expansion of cotton production and intensive management practices, Castle (1999) argues that the centralized decision making of the Gezira scheme contributed to a range of socioeconomic problems influencing the agricultural system, such that tenant farmers cared less about cotton production. Ultimately, the crises were resolved by deploying IPM measures (Eveleens 1983, Stam et al 1994, Castle 1999, Bashir et al 2003. Several economic, social, and political drivers contributed to the IPM success, with a central element being a compensation scheme for yield reduction for early IPM adopters, reducing farmers' uncertainty and influencing risk perception (Table 1; Bashir et al 2003).…”

Section: Escape and Reorganizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neonicotinoids in global agriculture: evidence for a new pesticide treadmill?

Bakker¹,

Werf²,

Tittonell³

et al. 2020

E&S

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Overreliance on synthetic insecticides in global agriculture is the outcome of a "pesticide treadmill," in which insecticideinduced pest resistance development and the depletion of beneficial insect populations aggravate farmers' pesticide dependencies. Examples of the pesticide treadmill have been witnessed repeatedly over the past seven decades, prompting the question whether the rapid uptake and usage patterns of neonicotinoid insecticides and their associated environmental impact are in accordance with this recurrent phenomenon. We hypothesize a conceptual framework in which treadmills are enforced by enabling or disabling drivers within four domains: pest management decisions at the farm level, characteristics of farming landscapes, science and technology, and societal demands. These drivers then tend to create a self-enforcing pesticide "lock-in." We then analyze several post-1950s historical case studies with reference to this framework, e.g., those involving sprays of the highly hazardous DDT and methyl-parathion, in which the pesticide treadmill was initiated, sustained, and broken, and compare this with current patterns in neonicotinoid use. Historical case studies further illustrate how treadmills occur in three phases in which (i) a limited number of insecticides are routinely used, (ii) resistance development of pests results in the increased crop injury, prompting increased frequency of applications with a wider range of products, (iii) breaking out of the pesticide "lock-in" by policy change and adoption of alternative technologies that lowered chemical inputs and improved agro-ecosystem functioning. The analysis shows similarities as well as differences between neonicotinoid usage patterns and historic pesticide treadmills, and provides guidance on how to effectively avoid or dismantle pesticide treadmills in global agriculture.

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“…The economic threshold for whiteflies varies according to crops and can be controversial, especially in crops infected by viruses. For example, cotton studies suggests an economic threshold of six adults of B. tabaci per leaf [232]. On the other hand, for crops that are compromised by several viruses, the control is made through the spraying of chemical insecticides to prevent infestations of the insect [233].…”

Section: Whitefly Management: Chemical Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population Dynamics of Whiteflies and Associated Viruses in South America: Research Progress and Perspectives

Krause‐Sakate

Watanabe

Gorayeb

et al. 2020

Insects

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By having an extensive territory and suitable climate conditions, South America is one of the most important agricultural regions in the world, providing different kinds of vegetable products to different regions of the world. However, such favorable conditions for plant production also allow the development of several pests, increasing production costs. Among them, whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) stand out for their potential for infesting several crops and for being resistant to insecticides, having high rates of reproduction and dispersal, besides their efficient activity as virus vectors. Currently, the most important species occurring in South America are Bemisia afer, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, and the cryptic species Middle East-Asia Minor 1, Mediterranean, and New World, from Bemisia tabaci complex. In this review, a series of studies performed in South America were compiled in an attempt to unify the advances that have been developed in whitefly management in this continent. At first, a background of the current whitefly distribution in South American countries as well as factors affecting them are shown, followed by a background of the whitefly transmitted viruses in South America, addressing their location and association with whiteflies in each country. Afterwards, a series of management strategies are proposed to be implemented in South American fields, including cultural practices and biological and chemical control, finalizing with a section containing future perspectives and directions for further research.

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Comparisons of control action thresholds for Heliothis armigera, Bemisia tabaci and Aphis gossypii on cotton in the Sudan Gezira and Rahad regions

Cited by 13 publications

References 7 publications

Susceptibility of field populations of adult Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and Eretmocerus sp (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) to cotton insecticides in Burkina Faso (West Africa)

Susceptibility of field populations of adult Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and Eretmocerus sp (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) to cotton insecticides in Burkina Faso (West Africa)

Neonicotinoids in global agriculture: evidence for a new pesticide treadmill?

Population Dynamics of Whiteflies and Associated Viruses in South America: Research Progress and Perspectives

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