Comparison of Whole Salivary Cortisol and Interleukin 1-Beta Levels in Light Cigarette-Smokers and Users of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems before and after Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy

Abstract

There are no studies that have compared whole salivary cortisol (CL) and interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) levels in cigarette-smokers (CS) and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS)-users before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). The aim was to compare whole salivary CL and IL-1β levels in light CS and ENDS users before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). Self-reported current CS, ENDS users, and non-smokers were included. A questionnaire was used to collect demographic data. All patients underwent NSPT. Periodontal parameters (probing depth (PD], gingival index (GI], clinical attachment loss (AL], plaque index (PI], and marginal bone loss (MBL]) and whole salivary CL and IL-1β were measured at baseline. At 3-months of follow-up, clinical parameters and whole salivary CL and IL-1β were re-assessed. p-values < 1% were arbitrated as statistically significant. Fifty-four individuals (18 CS, 18 ENDS users, and 18 non-smokers) were included. Clinical AL, MT, PD, PI, and MBL were similar in all groups at baseline. At 12-weeks of follow-up, PI (p < 0.01) and PD (p < 0.01) were high in CS and ENDS-users than non-smokers. Among non-smokers, there was a statistically significant correlation between whole salivary cortisol and IL-1β levels at 12-weeks’ follow-up (p < 0.001). There was no difference in whole salivary cortisol and IL-1β levels in CS and ENDS users at baseline and at 12-weeks follow-up. At 12-weeks of follow-up, there was a significant reduction in IL-1β (p < 0.01) and CL (p < 0.01) than baseline. In light CS and ENDS users without periodontal disease, clinical periodontal parameters and whole-salivary CL and Il-1β levels remain unchanged after NSPT.

Effects of e-cigarette smoking on periodontal health: A scoping review

“…Less favorable treatment response was reported in vapers showing that more patients need surgery after professional mechanical plaque removal along with an increased number of sextants with PD �5 mm, number of sites with PD >5 mm and mean PD [42]. Compared to cigarette smokers, less favorable response to periodontal treatment in vapers was also reported by Alhumaidan et al 2022 [43] and Al Hamoudi et al 2020 [44]. However, due to the limitations CS and E-cigs shared more similarities in their oral bacterial composition for patients with same stage of periodontal disease.…”

“…Patients with periodontal inflammation showed increased scores of plaque index (PI), bleeding index (BI), and probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) which If left untreated, results in loss of teeth [ 41 – 43 ]. Attempts to intervene and inhibit an exuberant inflammatory response traditionally includes treatment modalities targeting removal of microbial etiology of periodontal disease.…”

“…Levels of inflammatory mediator both in GCF and saliva including interleukin-1β, IL-6, TNFα, IL-4 and IL-8 found elevated in vapers when compared with nonsmokers while levels of anti-inflammatory mediators were low [30-32, 34, 35]. Patients with periodontal inflammation showed increased scores of plaque index (PI), bleeding index (BI), and probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) which If left untreated, results in loss of teeth [41][42][43]. Attempts to intervene and inhibit an exuberant inflammatory response traditionally includes treatment modalities targeting removal of microbial etiology of periodontal disease.…”

Considerações atuais sobre o uso dos cigarros eletrônicos relacionados às doenças periodontais: revisão da literatura

“…Os fumantes de cigarros tradicionais apresentaram piores condições do que os não fumantes e fumantes de cigarro eletrônico, apesar de fumantes de cigarros eletrônicos apresentaram pior situação periodontal do que os não fumantes, com maiores índices de biofilme e profundidade de sondagem, mas com valores menores quando comparados aos fumantes de cigarro tradicional 30,31 .…”

“…Os achados e mais abrangentes, que levem em consideração a frequência do uso dos dispositivos de liberação de nicotina, além de levar em consideração a saúde periodontal e a predisposição do indivíduo, os fumantes de cigarros tradicionais apresentam piores condições do que os não fumantes e fumantes de cigarro eletrônico, refletindo na terapia não cirúrgica dos tratamentos periodontais 30,31,32 .…”