Comparison of Two Different Methods for Inoculating VX2 Tumors in Rabbit Livers and Hind Limbs

Virmani, Sumeet; Harris, Kathleen R.; Szolc-Kowalska, Barbara; Paunesku, Tatjana; Woloschak, Gayle E.; Lee, Fred T.; Lewandowski, Robert J.; Sato, Kent T.; Ryu, Robert K.; Salem, Riad; Larson, Andrew C.; Omary, Reed A.

doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2008.02.019

Cited by 54 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In terms of hepatic VX2 carcinoma model establishment, conventional surgical implantation of tumor fragments presents a higher success rate and a lower frequency of metastasis in comparison with the injection of tumor suspension cells (10). In the present study, the sizes of the hepatic allograft in each group were comparable, and the mean number of hepatic foci was 1.3-1.4, overcoming the aforementioned disadvantages of tumor suspension cell injection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 44%

“…Notably, the injection of tumor suspension cells is more likely to result in leakage and seeding of tumor cells, and has a decreased rate of successful model establishment, compared with the surgical implantation of tumor fragments (10,11). Conversely, Virmani et al (10) suggested that the injection of tumor suspension cells was recommendable. Nevertheless, the difficulties in determining the homogeneity of tumor suspension cell count, variations in the cell amount, and injection into small vessels of the liver result in a variation in tumor size and foci number, were also identified by Virmani et al (10).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conversely, Virmani et al (10) suggested that the injection of tumor suspension cells was recommendable. Nevertheless, the difficulties in determining the homogeneity of tumor suspension cell count, variations in the cell amount, and injection into small vessels of the liver result in a variation in tumor size and foci number, were also identified by Virmani et al (10).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modification of the method to establish a hepatic VX2 carcinoma model in rabbits

et al. 2018

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Abstract.The hepatic VX2 carcinoma model in rabbits is widely used for the preclinical study of hepatocellular carcinoma. In the present study, a modification was made to the conventional method to establish the animal model, as the conventional method gives rise to frequent tumor seeding due to the drop-out of tumor fragments. In order to evaluate each distinct method of establishing the model, the rabbits were divided into two groups: Group A (the conventional method; n=20) and group B (the modified method; n=20). All surgical details were recorded for reference. At 14 days post-surgery, contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) and autopsy were conducted. Microscopic morphology of tumor cells was observed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cluster of differentiation (CD)31 were detected via immunochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. In total, 19 rabbits in each group succeeded in model establishment. Throughout the surgery, group A experienced a longer surgery time compared with group B (group A vs. group B, 22.57±1.34 vs. 20.17±1.50 min; P<0.001), an increased tumor fragment drop-out frequency (group A vs. group B, 1.84±0.96 vs. 1.16±0.38; P=0.008) and an increased peritoneal nodule incidence (group A vs. group B, 35 vs. 5%, P=0.042).As for CECT, H&E and TEM, hepatic VX2 allografts in the two groups demonstrated similar imaging presentations and tumor cell morphology. In addition, VEGF and CD31 levels did not differ between the two groups. In conclusion, the modified method for the establishment of hepatic VX2 carcinoma model in rabbits may decrease tumor fragment drop-out frequency during surgery and incidence of tumor seeding without affecting the properties of VX2 carcinoma.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 44%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modification of the method to establish a hepatic VX2 carcinoma model in rabbits

et al. 2018

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“…Although initial tumor development requires use of frozen VX2 sample, use of a fresh VX2 inoculum should be prioritized for subsequent tumor propagation. In a study by Virmani et al (21), inoculation of hind limb donor rabbits using fresh VX2 resulted in successful tumor growth in 88% of subjects, compared with 33% of subjects inoculated with frozen samples. Following inoculation, rabbits are monitored for appetite.…”

Section: Vx2 Hind Limb Tumor Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Liver tumor implantation via laparotomy Intrahepatic implantation of solid tumor fragments is more reliable than the injection of a cell suspension. In a study by Virmani et al (21), solid tumor implantation and injection of cell suspension were associated with success rates of 84% and 43%, respectively, as determined by evidence of tumor growth on magnetic resonance imaging and subsequent histopathological analysis. In a report by Chen et al (22), implantation was successful in 95% of cases and injection in 35% of cases, and the latter was associated with a high rate of extrahepatic tumor growth.…”

Section: Vx2 Hind Limb Tumor Growth and Harvestingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development, growth, propagation, and angiographic utilization of the rabbit VX2 model of liver cancer: a pictorial primer and “how to” guide

Parvinian¹,

Casadaban²,

Gaba³

2014

Diagn Interv Radiol

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The VX2 tumor is a leporine anaplastic squamous cell carcinoma characterized by rapid growth, hypervascularity, and facile propagation in the skeletal muscle. Since its introduction over 70 years ago, it has been used to model a variety of malignancies, and is commonly employed by interventional radiologists in preclinical investigations of hepatocellular carcinoma. However, despite the widespread and lasting popularity of the model, there are few technical resources detailing its use. Herein, we present a comprehensive pictorial outline of the technical methodology for development, growth, propagation, and angiographic utilization of the rabbit VX2 liver tumor model.

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Confirmation of drug delivery after liver chemoembolization: direct tissue doxorubicin measurement by UHPLC‐MS‐MS

Baumgarten

Gaba

Breemen

2012

Biomedical Chromatography

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Because liver cancer is rarely suitable for surgery, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is used for palliative therapy. In this procedure, an emulsion of doxorubicin in iodized oil is injected directly into liver tumors through a catheter positioned within the artery supplying blood flow to the tumor. At present, there is limited understanding of factors affecting the delivery and dispersion of doxorubicin within treated tumors during TACE. This study addresses the development and application of an ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS-MS) method for rapid confirmation of drug delivery after TACE in a rabbit VX2 liver cancer model. Doxorubicin levels in liver tumors were measured using UHPLC-MS-MS and compared with computed tomography measured levels of iodized oil, a metric used clinically to indicate drug delivery. We found that tissue drug levels determined using UHPLC-MS-MS did not correlate with the regional iodized oil concentration (vehicle) within tumors following TACE, suggesting that chemotherapeutic drugs like doxorubicin spread throughout tumors, and that lack of iodized oil staining in portions of a tumor does not necessarily indicate inadequate therapy during TACE.

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Comparison of Two Different Methods for Inoculating VX2 Tumors in Rabbit Livers and Hind Limbs

Abstract: The authors recommend (a) the use of fresh VX2 cell suspension for percutaneous injection in the hind limbs of rabbits to maintain the VX2 cell strain and (b) the surgical implantation of freshly harvested VX2 tumor fragment into the liver parenchyma to establish liver tumors.

Cited by 54 publications

References 18 publications

Modification of the method to establish a hepatic VX2 carcinoma model in rabbits

Modification of the method to establish a hepatic VX2 carcinoma model in rabbits

Development, growth, propagation, and angiographic utilization of the rabbit VX2 model of liver cancer: a pictorial primer and “how to” guide

Confirmation of drug delivery after liver chemoembolization: direct tissue doxorubicin measurement by UHPLC‐MS‐MS

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