Comparison of thermal responses between rest and leg exercise in water

Toner, M. M.; Sawka, Michael N.; Holden, William L.; Pandolf, Kent B.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1985.59.1.248

Cited by 31 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…Indeed, the results of a limited number of studies on this topic suggest that the arms are a major source of heat loss during swimming in cold water and leg-only exercise may be preferable in terms of deep body temperature maintenance when compared to whole body swimming and rest (105,248,249).…”

Section: Prolonged Water Immersionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cold Stress Effects on Exposure Tolerance and Exercise Performance

Castellani

Tipton

2015

Comprehensive Physiology

108

115

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Cold weather can have deleterious effects on health, tolerance, and performance. This paper will review the physiological responses and external factors that impact cold tolerance and physical performance. Tolerance is defined as the ability to withstand cold stress with minimal changes in physiological strain. Physiological and pathophysiological responses to short-term (cold shock) and long-term cold water and air exposure are presented. Factors (habituation, anthropometry, sex, race, and fitness) that influence cold tolerance are also reviewed. The impact of cold exposure on physical performance, especially aerobic performance, has not been thoroughly studied. The few studies that have been done suggest that aerobic performance is degraded in cold environments. Potential physiological mechanisms (decreases in deep body and muscle temperature, cardiovascular, and metabolism) are discussed. Likewise, strength and power are also degraded during cold exposure, primarily through a decline in muscle temperature. The review also discusses the concept of thermoregulatory fatigue, a reduction in the thermal effector responses of shivering and vasoconstriction, as a result of multistressor factors, including exhaustive exercise.

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Section: Prolonged Water Immersionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cold Stress Effects on Exposure Tolerance and Exercise Performance

Castellani

Tipton

2015

Comprehensive Physiology

108

115

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“…T ළ sk ϭ0.28T chest ϩ0.28T thigh ϩ0.22T calf ϩ0.14ϭT forearm ϩ0.08 T upper arm (Toner et al, 1985). (Gagge and Nishi, 1977).…”

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, body movement through the water accelerates convective heat loss from the skin surface to the water (Nadel et al, 1974). On the other hand, vigorous physical activity can maintain core body temperature (McArdle et al, 1992;McArdle et al, 1976;Toner et al, 1985;McMurray and Horvath, 1979) because the increased metabolic heat production is sometimes sufficient to entirely offset the heat loss. These observations and precedent studies emphasize the need to increase the intensity of exercise to a somewhat hard level for maintaining core body temperature during cool-water immersion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Insulation and Body Temperature Wearing a Thermal Swimsuit during Water Immersion

Wakabayashi

Hanai²,

Yokoyama

et al. 2006

J Physiol Anthropol

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This study evaluated the effects of a thermal swimsuit on body temperatures, thermoregulatory responses and thermal insulation during 60 min water immersion at rest. Ten healthy male subjects wearing either thermal swimsuits or normal swimsuits were immersed in water (26°C or 29°C). Esophageal temperature, skin temperatures and oxygen consumption were measured during the experiments. Metabolic heat production was calculated from oxygen consumption. Heat loss from skin to the water was calculated from the metabolic heat production and the change in mean body temperature during water immersion. Total insulation and tissue insulation were estimated by dividing the temperature difference between the esophagus and the water or the esophagus and the skin with heat loss from the skin. Esophageal temperature with a thermal swimsuit was higher than that with a normal swimsuit at the end of immersion in both water temperature conditions (pϽ0.05). Oxygen consumption, metabolic heat production and heat loss from the skin were less with the thermal swimsuit than with a normal swimsuit in both water temperatures (pϽ0.05). Total insulation with the thermal swimsuit was higher than that with a normal swimsuit due to insulation of the suit at both water temperatures (pϽ0.05). Tissue insulation was similar in all four conditions, but significantly higher with the thermal swimsuit in both water temperature conditions (pϽ0.05), perhaps due to of the attenuation of shivering during immersion with a thermal swimsuit. A thermal swimsuit can increase total insulation and reduce heat loss from the skin. Therefore, subjects with thermal swimsuits can maintain higher body temperatures than with a normal swimsuit and reduce shivering thermo-genesis.

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“…Different exercise conditions were created mostly by changes in water temperature [12, 23, 43, 48–52, 57, 60, 61] and different exercise intensities (high versus low) [23, 43, 44, 50, 58–61, 63–65]. With regard to the exercise parameters intensity and duration, studies (n = 11) utilised continuous, submaximal exercise (40 and 60% of VO 2max ) with a duration of 30 to 60 minutes [12, 23, 43, 49, 51, 52, 57, 60, 61].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aquatic cycling—What do we know? A scoping review on head-out aquatic cycling

et al. 2017

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Over the past few years, aquatic cycling has become a trending fitness activity. However, the literature has not been reviewed exhaustively. Therefore, using scoping review methodology, the aim of this review was to explore the current state of the literature concerning aquatic cycling. This study specifically focused on study designs, populations and outcomes. A comprehensive search of seven databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Cinahl, Embase, PEDro,Web of Science, WorldCat) was conducted up to 30th September 2016. GoogleScholar, World Cat, ResearchGate, specific aquatic therapy websites and aquatic therapy journals were searched to identify additional literature. Full-text publications in English, German or Dutch were included. Studies were included when the intervention involved head-out cycling carried out in 10° to 35° Celsius water. Exclusion criteria were the use of wet suits or confounding interventions that would affect participants’ homeostasis. 63 articles were included and the study parameters of these studies were summarized. Using three grouping themes, included studies were categorised as 1) single session tests comparing aquatic versus land cycling, or 2) aquatic cycling only sessions investigating different exercise conditions and 3) aquatic cycling intervention programmes. Although the experimental conditions differed noticeably across the studies, shared characteristics were identified. Cardiovascular parameters were investigated by many of the studies with the results suggesting that the cardiac demand of aquatic cycling seems similar to land-based cycling. Only six studies evaluated the effect of aquatic cycling interventions. Therefore, future research should investigate the effects of aquatic cycling interventions, preferably in individuals that are expected to gain health benefits from aquatic cycling. Moreover, this comprehensive outline of available literature could serve as a starting point for systematic reviews or clinical studies on the effects of aquatic cycling on the cardiovascular responses.

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Comparison of thermal responses between rest and leg exercise in water

Cited by 31 publications

References 13 publications

Cold Stress Effects on Exposure Tolerance and Exercise Performance

Cold Stress Effects on Exposure Tolerance and Exercise Performance

Thermal Insulation and Body Temperature Wearing a Thermal Swimsuit during Water Immersion

Aquatic cycling—What do we know? A scoping review on head-out aquatic cycling

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