Comparison of the Performance of Different Directional Polarizing Methods in Cross Country Fault Protection of a MV Loop

Alternative Methodology to Calculate the Directional Characteristic Settings of Directional Overcurrent Relays in Transmission and Distribution Networks

“…General guidelines, application principles and examples are given in [4,10] to select the proper sequence quantities (among negative and zero-sequence) for polarizing the directional ground overcurrent element (ANSI 67N), including all the major aspects affecting the performance of the different direction detection algorithms supporting the 67N protection elements; however, a detailed methodology oriented to ensure the proper direction determination for the particularities of a given application from the settings calculation stage, is still missing.…”

“…Traditionally, the subject of settings determination for directional overcurrent protection elements have focused on the problem of ensuring selectivity by proposing basic to advanced techniques for the proper coordination of these elements in transmission and distribution networks [4][5][6][7], thus leaving the definition of direction determination settings, such as the Relay Characteristic Angle (RCA), or the limits of directional regions (forward and reverse) to general guidelines and typical values [4], which, from the author's practical experience, have resulted, in some cases, in non-selective tripping for faults outside of the protected line, or non-tripping for certain fault conditions within the protected line, without performing further analysis oriented to evaluate the performance of the general settings criteria. Even in recent years, few publications [7][8][9][10][11] have been made on the subject of proposing settings or evaluating its performance in directional overcurrent elements based on fault simulations; however, they deal with very specific application problems of directional overcurrent elements, such as underground cable systems [7] or mutually-coupled transmission lines [9], cross country faults in medium voltage loops [10], and the impact of fault current limiters and wind turbines on the direction determination algorithms [11], without addressing the problem related to the determination or evaluation of the settings defining the performance of the direction determination algorithm. In [7], although a very basic performance analysis is presented for directional phase and ground overcurrent elements, the settings used and verified are the typical values recommended in the specialized literature, and therefore, its selection is not justified, besides the fact that the simulations performed do not consider some of the most influencing factors affecting the performance of these protection elements, in part, due to the specific application to which the proposed methodology is applied.…”

“…In [9], although the performance of directional overcurrent elements under the influence of mutual coupling in the protected lines is presented, the settings used for the direction determination algorithm are not presented. In [10], although the relay characteristic angle (RCA) and the forward and reverse regions are clearly established, there is no justification on the settings provided, and the presented tests have been carried out using very few study cases, thus leaving most of the problems affecting the performance of the direction determination algorithm out of the scope. These problems and their solutions are presented in detail in this paper.…”

New Protection Scheme Based on Coordination with Tie Switch in an Open-Loop Microgrid

“…In [8], a high-resistance fault detection method was proposed in a mesh distribution system. In [9], the performance of directional protection relays in the medium voltage loop network has been compared. In [10], an adaptive fault detection method using a probabilistic neural network was proposed in a loop power distribution system.…”

“…Herein, we address the protection issue considering the operation of the tie switch in the open-loop system. In [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16], protection issues in a closed-loop system were addressed; however, the operation of the tie switch was not considered except in [1]. To solve the problem in [1], we propose a new protection scheme based on the coordination with a tie switch.…”