Comparison of the Lunar Models Using the Hyper-Spectral Imager Observations in Lijiang, China

Wang, Yan; Hu, Xiuqing; Chen, Lin; Yu, Haitao; Li, Zhanfeng; Wang, Shurong; Zhang, Peng; Wu, Ruizhi; Zhang, Lu; Wang, Wei

doi:10.3390/rs12111878

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Total lunar spectral irradiance for a given set of illumination and viewing angles and distances can be modeled empirically based on prior lunar irradiance characterization as a function of geometry. Such a lunar spectral-irradiance model (Kieffer and Stone, 2005) has been in common use for nearly two decades, and improved models are an active research area (Stone et al, 2020;Taylor et al, 2021;Wang et al, 2020;Sun and Xiong, 2021;Kieffer, 2021a;Kieffer, 2022) Lunar irradiance is polarized (Dollfus,1962), up to several percent at common calibration geometries, passing through zero at phase angles near 24°. Polarization has been largely ignored in lunar calibration to date, but modern measurements (see http://calvalportal.ceos.org/lime-documents) are being made after nearly a century gap.…”

Section: The Moonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calibration and Validation for the Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) Mission Concept: Challenges of a Multi-Sensor System for Imaging Spectroscopy and Thermal Imagery

Turpie¹,

Casey²,

Crawford³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The primary objective of the NASA Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) mission is to measure biological, physical, chemical, and mineralogical features of the Earth's surface, realizing the conceptual component of the envisioned NASA Earth System Observatory (ESO). SBG is planned to launch as a two-platform mission in the late 2020s, the first of the ESO satellites. Targeted science and applications objectives based on observations of the Earth's surface biology and geology helped to define the mission architecture and instrument capabilities for the SBG mission concept. These objectives further drove the need for enabling change detection and trending of surface biological and geological features. These needs implied fundamental Journal of Geophysical Research -Biogeosciences calibration goals to achieve the necessary science data quality characteristics. To meet those goals, calibration and validation pre-launch and on-orbit methods formed a basis of the calibration and validation concept, including the combined use of on-board references, vicarious techniques, and routine lunar imaging. International collaboration with space agencies in other countries, an important feature of the recommended SBG mission architecture, uncovered and emphasized the need for inter-calibration techniques that underscored the importance of collaborative instrument characterization data sharing and the use of common calibration references that are International System of Units (SI) traceable in pre-launch and post-launch on orbit calibration mission phases. International collaboration through the use of terrestrial and aquatic networks on six continents for vicarious calibration and validation activities will produce unprecedented data quality. Table 2 Example reference data sets and models, each supporting geometric calibration (Geo Cal), radiometric calibration (Rad Cal), surface reflectance (Reflectance) or the generation of certain science data products (Science Data), with some supporting more than one. Reference Data Set or Model Purpose Star catalog and planetary ephemeris data Geo Cal Leap second and polar wander that includes (UT1-UTC) Geo Cal Ground Control Point (GCP) database or Global Reference Image (GRI) Geo Cal Time-dependent calibration adjustments Rad Cal Lunar irradiance model (e.g., ROLO, GIRO or LIME)* Rad Cal Solar irradiance spectrum* Rad Cal, Reflectance Instrument char. data (e.g., radiometric, spectral and polarization responses) Rad Cal, Reflectance Vicarious calibration adjustments Reflectance Spectral transmission of absorbing gases (e.g., H2O, O3, NO2). Reflectance Meteorological data (e.g., wind, relative humidity, pressure and temperature) Reflectance Aerosol models Reflectance BRDF models of vicarious calibration sites Reflectance Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Earth Gravitational Model (e.g., EGM96) Geo Cal Inland water body masks or land/water masks Reflectance Land/sea masks Reflectance Bathymetry Reflectance, Science Data Global shoreline vector data set Science Data Sea surface temperature clima...

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Section: The Moonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calibration and Validation for the Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) Mission Concept: Challenges of a Multi-Sensor System for Imaging Spectroscopy and Thermal Imagery

Turpie¹,

Casey²,

Crawford³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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show abstract

“…For instance, the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) mission used the Moon exclusively to perform a time-dependent calibration in orbit to within 0.2% uncertainty (Eplee et al, 2006). Improved lunar models are an active research area (Kieffer, 2021a(Kieffer, , 2022Stone et al, 2020;Sun & Xiong, 2021;Taylor et al, 2021;Y. Wang et al, 2020).…”

Section: The Moonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, the Sea‐viewing Wide Field‐of‐view Sensor (SeaWiFS) mission used the Moon exclusively to perform a time‐dependent calibration in orbit to within 0.2% uncertainty (Eplee et al., 2006). Improved lunar models are an active research area (Kieffer, 2021a, 2022; Stone et al., 2020; Sun & Xiong, 2021; Taylor et al., 2021; Y. Wang et al., 2020). Lunar irradiance is polarized (Dollfus, 1962), up to several percent at common calibration geometries, passing through zero at phase angles near 24°.…”

Section: Calibration and Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calibration and Validation for the Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) Mission Concept: Recommendations for a Multi‐Sensor System for Imaging Spectroscopy and Thermal Imagery

Turpie,

Casey,

Crawford

et al. 2023

JGR Biogeosciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The primary objective of the NASA Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) mission is to measure biological, physical, chemical, and mineralogical features of the Earth’s surface, realizing a key conceptual component of the envisioned NASA Earth System Observatory (ESO). SBG is planned to launch as a two‐platform mission in the late 2020s, the first of the ESO satellites. Targeted science and applications objectives based on observations of the Earth’s surface biology and geology helped to define the mission architecture and instrument capabilities for the SBG mission concept. These objectives further drove the need for enabling change detection and trending of surface biological and geological features. These needs implied fundamental calibration goals to achieve the necessary science data quality characteristics. To meet those goals, calibration and validation pre‐launch and on‐orbit methods formed a basis of the calibration and validation concept, including the combined use of on‐board references, vicarious techniques, and routine lunar imaging. International collaboration with space agencies in other countries, an important feature of the recommended SBG mission architecture, uncovered and emphasized the need for inter‐calibration techniques that underscored the importance of collaborative instrument characterization data sharing and the use of common calibration references that are International System of Units (SI) traceable in pre‐launch and post‐launch on orbit calibration mission phases. International collaboration through the use of terrestrial and aquatic networks on six continents for vicarious calibration and validation activities will further assure necessary science data quality while in orbit.

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“…Moreover, the measurements showed a stronger linear relationship between the spectral irradiance ratio and wavelength for the different lunar phases, as did the model, which is related to an effect called phase reddening. The results on phase angle and spectral agreement are available in [160]. The instrument remains operational and accumulated data are being analyzed currently, while its successor is undergoing extensive testing and expects to provide a level of automation well above the GLIS.…”

Section: Lijing Projectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activities to Promote the Moon as an Absolute Calibration Reference

Jing

Wang

et al. 2023

Remote Sensing

Self Cite

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The accuracy and consistency of Earth observation (EO) instrument radiometric calibration is a fundamental prerequisite for achieving accurate results and delivering reliable predictions. Frequent calibration and validation (Cal/Val) activities are needed during the instrument’s lifetime, and this procedure is often extended to historical archives. Numerous satellites in orbit and proposed future missions have incorporated lunar observation into their vicarious calibration components over recent years, facilitated by the extreme long-term photometric stability of the Moon. Since the birth of the first lunar calibration reference model, lunar-dependent calibration techniques have developed rapidly, and the application and refinement of the lunar radiometric model have become a welcome research focus in the calibration community. Within the context of the development of lunar observation activities and calibration systems globally, we provide a comprehensive review of the activities and results spawned by treating the Moon as a reference for instrument response and categorize them against the understanding of lunar radiometric reference. In general, this appears to be a process of moving from data to instruments, then back into data, working towards a stated goal. Here we highlight lunar radiometric models developed by different institutions or agencies over the last two decades while reporting on the known limitations of these solutions, with unresolved challenges remaining and multiple lunar observation plans and concepts attempting to address them from various perspectives, presenting a temporal development. We also observe that the methods seeking uncertainty reduction at this stage are rather homogeneous, lacking the combination of approaches or results from lunar surface studies conducted by many spacecraft missions, and joint deep learning methods to extract information. The factors that influence the accuracy of the measurement irradiance may be regulated when practical models arrive. As a central element in lunar calibration, the development of an absolute radiometric datum helps to better understand the Earth system.

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Comparison of the Lunar Models Using the Hyper-Spectral Imager Observations in Lijiang, China

Cited by 7 publications

References 33 publications

Calibration and Validation for the Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) Mission Concept: Challenges of a Multi-Sensor System for Imaging Spectroscopy and Thermal Imagery

Calibration and Validation for the Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) Mission Concept: Challenges of a Multi-Sensor System for Imaging Spectroscopy and Thermal Imagery

Calibration and Validation for the Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) Mission Concept: Recommendations for a Multi‐Sensor System for Imaging Spectroscopy and Thermal Imagery

Activities to Promote the Moon as an Absolute Calibration Reference

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