“…However, much of the existing literature covers anecdotal experiences with situations that caused compliance and theoretical suppositions about causes and student experience while lacking causative explanation (Fisher & Kiernan, 2019;Liao, Thomas, & Bell, 2014;Peadon, Hurley, & Hutchinson, 2020;Sur, Schindler, Singh, Angelos, & Langerman, 2016;Voogt et al, 2019;Wray, Yu, & Philbey, 2016). There is a small but emerging body of experimental work on these constructs based in psychological theory (Beran, 2015;Beran, McLaughlin, Al Ansari, & Kassam, 2013;Daly Guris, Duarte, Miller, Schiavi, & Toy, 2019;Kaba, Wishart, et al, 2016;Kuo, Wu, Chen, Chen, & Hu, 2020). Recent studies have established the high frequency with which medical students and residents, nurses, and staff physicians witness issues with professionalism and patient safety, and experience challenges to speaking up (Mak-van der Vossen, Teherani, van Mook, Croiset, & Kusurkar, 2018;Martinez et al, 2017;Schwappach & Sendlhofer, 2020;Schwappach, Sendlhofer, Kamolz, Köle, & Brunner, 2019) yet currently lacking are frequencies of how often health professional students from a range of professions experience negative compliance integrated with psychological theory and relevant constructs (Peadon et al, 2020).…”