Comparison of the effect of nano ZnO and conventional grade ZnO on the cross-linking densities of NR/BR and NR/SBR blends

Abstract

In this research, the effect of nano zinc oxide (ZnO) and conventional ZnO on cross-linking densities of natural rubber (NR)/butadiene rubber (BR) and NR/styrenebutadiene rubber (SBR) blends was investigated. The cross-linking densities of blends were determined using swelling behavior technique. Blends of NR/BR and NR/SBR with various concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 5 parts per 100 g of rubber (phr) of nano ZnO and ZnO were prepared. A sheet of each compound was prepared using compression molding method and tests were carried out. The results indicated that the incorporation of nano ZnO instead of conventional rubber grade ZnO resulted in increasing the crosslinking density. The swelling test results show that the compounds containing nano ZnO absorb less solvent, since they had greater cross-link density in comparison with compounds that had conventional ZnO. Nano ZnO provides a more effective surface for the formation of accelerator-sulfur-ZnO complex. As a result, interfacial interaction increased and particles dispersed efficiently into the matrix of the polymer. The swelling ratios of NR/BR blends were increased, while the swelling ratios of NR/SBR blends were decreased by increasing the amount of nano ZnO from 3 to 5 phr.

Mechanical and rheological properties of partial replacement of carbon black by treated ultrafine calcium carbonate in natural rubber compounds

“…Furthermore, the increase in M H is attributed to surface area of ller particles that promote higher interaction between ller/matrix with increases stifness of the material [45].…”

Influence of ZnO and TiO2 Particle Sizes in the Mechanical and Dielectric Properties of Vulcanized Rubber

“…al. 10 argued that the incorporation of nano ZnO instead of conventional rubber grade ZnO resulted in an increase of the cross-linking density. Nano ZnO provides a more effective surface for the formation of accelerator-sulfur-ZnO complex.…”

“…Good dispersion has been achieved by applying ball-milling techniques [4][5][6][7] or high-frequency ultrasounds to homogenize and disrupt agglomerates when ceramic molecules are employed. 8 Other strategies like the use of nanomaterials for compounding [9][10] or the chemical modification of inorganic particles [11][12][13] have been introduced on NR research area but are being scarcely applied in the industry.…”

Role of geopolymer as a cure activator in sulfur vulcanization of epoxidized natural rubber

“…This lead to many investigations to reduce or eliminate zinc oxide in rubber formulations. These mostly involved replacement of conventional ZnO by nano‐ZnO particles, zinc complexes, and other metal oxides . It was found that the nano‐ZnO at 0.3–3.0 phr loading in NR/BR/silica compounds showed superior cure characteristics and mechanical properties over the conventional rubber compound based on micro‐sized ZnO at 5 phr loading .…”