Comparison of the CDC Backpack aspirator and the Prokopack aspirator for sampling indoor- and outdoor-resting mosquitoes in southern Tanzania

Maia, Marta; Robinson, Ailie; John, Alex N; Mgando, Joseph P.; Simfukwe, Emmanuel T.; Moore, Sarah

doi:10.1186/1756-3305-4-124

Cited by 56 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The methods used for mosquito collection could also be the reason for low numbers collected. Although mosquito aspiration has been previously evaluated and validated [21], human landing catches are the commonly used and most sensitive method for monitoring mosquitoes in areas where the mosquito population is low [22] and most urban malaria studies have sampled mosquitoes using this approach [18–20]. However, the presence of An.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns and determinants of malaria risk in urban and peri-urban areas of Blantyre, Malawi

Mathanga

Kapito-Tembo

Mzilahowa

et al. 2016

Malar J

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BackgroundAlthough malaria disease in urban and peri-urban areas of sub-Saharan Africa is a growing concern, the epidemiologic patterns and drivers of transmission in these settings remain poorly understood. Factors associated with variation in malaria risk in urban and peri-urban areas were evaluated in this study.MethodsA health facility-based, age and location-matched, case–control study of children 6–59 months of age was conducted in four urban and two peri-urban health facilities (HF) of Blantyre city, Malawi. Children with fever who sought care from the same HF were tested for malaria parasites by microscopy and PCR. Those testing positive or negative on both were defined as malaria cases or controls, respectively.ResultsA total of 187 cases and 286 controls were studied. In univariate analyses, higher level of education, possession of TV, and electricity in the house were negatively associated with malaria illness; these associations were similar in urban and peri-urban zones. Having travelled in the month before testing was strongly associated with clinical malaria, but only for participants living in the urban zones (OR = 5.1; 95% CI = 1.62, 15.8). Use of long-lasting insecticide nets (LLINs) the previous night was not associated with protection from malaria disease in any setting. In multivariate analyses, electricity in the house, travel within the previous month, and a higher level of education were all associated with decreased odds of malaria disease. Only a limited number of Anopheles mosquitoes were found by aspiration inside the households in the peri-urban areas, and none was collected from the urban households.ConclusionTravel was the main factor influencing the incidence of malaria illness among residents of urban Blantyre compared with peri-urban areas. Identification and understanding of key mobile demographic groups, their behaviours, and the pattern of parasite dispersal is critical to the design of more targeted interventions for the urban setting.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1623-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns and determinants of malaria risk in urban and peri-urban areas of Blantyre, Malawi

Mathanga

Kapito-Tembo

Mzilahowa

et al. 2016

Malar J

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“…Mosquito collection using clay pots and Prokopack aspirator were performed as described by Maia and others [47] and Odiere and others [48].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-sectional Study of the Burden of Vector-Borne and Soil-Transmitted Polyparasitism in Rural Communities of Coast Province, Kenya

et al. 2014

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BackgroundIn coastal Kenya, infection of human populations by a variety of parasites often results in co-infection or poly-parasitism. These parasitic infections, separately and in conjunction, are a major cause of chronic clinical and sub-clinical human disease and exert a long-term toll on economic welfare of affected populations. Risk factors for these infections are often shared and overlap in space, resulting in interrelated patterns of transmission that need to be considered at different spatial scales. Integration of novel quantitative tools and qualitative approaches is needed to analyze transmission dynamics and design effective interventions.MethodologyOur study was focused on detecting spatial and demographic patterns of single- and co-infection in six villages in coastal Kenya. Individual and household level data were acquired using cross-sectional, socio-economic, and entomological surveys. Generalized additive models (GAMs and GAMMs) were applied to determine risk factors for infection and co-infections. Spatial analysis techniques were used to detect local clusters of single and multiple infections.Principal findingsOf the 5,713 tested individuals, more than 50% were infected with at least one parasite and nearly 20% showed co-infections. Infections with Schistosoma haematobium (26.0%) and hookworm (21.4%) were most common, as was co-infection by both (6.3%). Single and co-infections shared similar environmental and socio-demographic risk factors. The prevalence of single and multiple infections was heterogeneous among and within communities. Clusters of single and co-infections were detected in each village, often spatially overlapped, and were associated with lower SES and household crowding.ConclusionParasitic infections and co-infections are widespread in coastal Kenya, and their distributions are heterogeneous across landscapes, but inter-related. We highlighted how shared risk factors are associated with high prevalence of single infections and can result in spatial clustering of co-infections. Spatial heterogeneity and synergistic risk factors for polyparasitism need to be considered when designing surveillance and intervention strategies.

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“…Similar to PSC, indoor resting mosquitoes were collected by using the PP in one mosquito collection cluster (10 houses) per mosquito collection night. In each room of each house for all the 10 houses, walls and the area under the roof were systematically aspirated by using progressive downward and upward movements along the inside of the room, as described by Maia et al (2011).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The other most commonly used methods are light traps associated with a person sleeping under a net (LT/N), pyrethrum spray catches (PSCs), pit shelter, and manual aspiration. Other emerging mosquito trapping techniques include Prokopack aspirator (PP) (Vazquez–Prokopec et al 2009, Maia et al 2011), clay pots (CPs) (Odiere et al 2007), and urine-baited traps (UBTs) (Kweka et al 2009). For An.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PSC samples mainly endophilic mosquitoes and is less sensitive where mosquito populations are more exophagic and exophilic (Mboera 2005). The new PP is an effective tool for collecting both indoor and outdoor resting mosquitoes (both female and male), and, in comparison with the CDC backpack aspirator, is also easier to use, is quicker, is cheap, and can be self-assembled by using easily obtainable parts (Vazquez–Prokopec et al 2009, Maia et al 2011). In a recent comparison of the two aspirators, their performance was similar (Maia et al 2011).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Monitoring Malaria Vector Control Interventions: Effectiveness of Five Different Adult Mosquito Sampling Methods

et al. 2013

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Long-term success of ongoing malaria control efforts based on mosquito bed nets (long-lasting insecticidal net) and indoor residual spraying is dependent on continuous monitoring of mosquito vectors, and thus on effective mosquito sampling tools. The objective of our study was to identify the most efficient mosquito sampling tool(s) for routine vector surveillance for malaria and lymphatic filariasis transmission in coastal Kenya. We evaluated relative efficacy of five collection methods—light traps associated with a person sleeping under a net, pyrethrum spray catches, Prokopack aspirator, clay pots, and urine-baited traps—in four villages representing three ecological settings along the south coast of Kenya. Of the five methods, light traps were the most efficient for collecting female Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Giles) (Diptera: Culicidae) and Anopheles funestus (Giles) (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes, whereas the Prokopack aspirator was most efficient in collecting Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae) and other culicines. With the low vector densities here, and across much of sub-Saharan Africa, wherever malaria interventions, long-lasting insecticidal nets, and/or indoor residual spraying are in place, the use of a single mosquito collection method will not be sufficient to achieve a representative sample of mosquito population structure. Light traps will remain a relevant tool for host-seeking mosquitoes, especially in the absence of human landing catches. For a fair representation of the indoor mosquito population, light traps will have to be supplemented with aspirator use, which has potential for routine monitoring of indoor resting mosquitoes, and can substitute the more labor-intensive and intrusive pyrethrum spray catches. There are still no sufficiently efficient mosquito collection methods for sampling outdoor mosquitoes, particularly those that are bloodfed.

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Comparison of the CDC Backpack aspirator and the Prokopack aspirator for sampling indoor- and outdoor-resting mosquitoes in southern Tanzania

Cited by 56 publications

References 21 publications

Patterns and determinants of malaria risk in urban and peri-urban areas of Blantyre, Malawi

Patterns and determinants of malaria risk in urban and peri-urban areas of Blantyre, Malawi

Cross-sectional Study of the Burden of Vector-Borne and Soil-Transmitted Polyparasitism in Rural Communities of Coast Province, Kenya

Monitoring Malaria Vector Control Interventions: Effectiveness of Five Different Adult Mosquito Sampling Methods

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