Comparison of the Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide versus Ethanol Extracts from Leaves of Perilla frutescens Britt. Radiation Mutant

Abstract

In this study, we aimed to compare supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and ethanol extraction for isoegomaketone (IK) content in perilla leaf extracts and to identify the optimal method. We measured the IK concentration using HPLC and inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells from the extracts. The IK concentration was 10-fold higher in perilla leaf extracts by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SFE) compared with that in perilla leaf extracts by ethanol extraction (EE). When the extracts were treated in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells at 25 µg/mL, the SFE inhibited the expression of inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleutkin-6 (IL-6), interferon-β (IFN-β), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) to a much greater extent compared with EE. Taken together, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction is considered the optimal process for obtaining high IK content and anti-inflammatory activities in leaf extracts from the P. frutescens Britt. radiation mutant.

Isoegomaketone from Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt Stimulates MAPK/ERK Pathway in Human Keratinocyte to Promote Skin Wound Healing

“…IK was isolated from the supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ) extract, a radiation-induced mutant cultivar of Perilla frutescens var. crispa [ 23 ]. Specific antibodies for p44/42 MAPK (ERK1/2), phospho (p)-p44/p42 MAPK (ERK1/2) (Thr202/Tyr204), SPK/JNK, p-JNK (Thr183/Tyr185), p38 MAPK, and p-p38 MAPK (Thr180/Tyr182) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Cell Signaling Technology, USA).…”

Compressed fluids and phytochemical profiling tools to obtain and characterize antiviral and anti-inflammatory compounds from natural sources

“…In particular, methods based on reversed-phase LC with C8 and C18 columns have been reported for polar terpene derivatives (caryophyllene oxide, γ-oryzanol, tocotrienol and tocopherol, senkyunolide, isoegomaketone-IK), phenolic compounds (quercetin, kaempferol and resveratrol, myricetin, isorhamnetin) and alkaloids (piperine). In this HPLC-based methods, UV detection is the most popular choice [32,34,[60][61][62][63][64]. However, the need of standards is here mandatory for an adequate identification of compounds by HPLC-UV.…”

A New Monoterpene from the Leaves of a Radiation Mutant Cultivar of Perilla frutescens var. crispa with Inhibitory Activity on LPS-Induced NO Production

“…In the comparison studies of LPS-induced anti-inflammatory activities and chemical profiles of the SC-CO 2 extract of PFCA versus PFC [ 19 ] and the SC-CO 2 versus the ethanol extracts of PFCA [ 20 ], the SC-CO 2 extract of PFCA showed greater potency and higher content of 2 and 3 than the SC-CO 2 extract of PFC and the ethanol extract of PFCA. The HPLC chromatogram of these three extracts showed an unknown peak besides the two main peaks for 2 and 3 , and thus it was identified as compound 1 .…”

“…In our previous biological evaluations on 2 , this compound was found to have anticancer [ 7 ], anti-inflammatory [ 9 ], and antioxidant activities [ 10 ]. Recently, we reported that the PFCA extract by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ) extraction method contained the increased content of monoterpenes and enhanced anti-inflammatory effect, compared to those of the SC-CO 2 extract of the original cultivar (PFC) [ 19 ] as well as the ethanol extract of PFCA [ 20 ]. SC-CO 2 extraction technology has been recognized as a powerful technique for essential oils from oil bearing plant sources [ 21 ], with advantages of being non-toxic, non-flammable, time and cost-effective, and more environmentally friendly [ 22 ].…”

“…SC-CO 2 extraction technology has been recognized as a powerful technique for essential oils from oil bearing plant sources [ 21 ], with advantages of being non-toxic, non-flammable, time and cost-effective, and more environmentally friendly [ 22 ]. Other than 2 and perilla ketone ( 3 ), two unknown compounds were found in the SC-CO 2 extracts of PFCA and PFC by HPLC analysis [ 19 , 20 ]. Therefore, repeated column chromatography of the SC-CO 2 extracts of PFCA and PFC led to the isolation of a new compound 1 and myristicin ( 4 ) [ 23 ], respectively ( Figure 2 ).…”